• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.255-260
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• 1994

Calving records of 107 heifers from two breed groups were used to identify the major factors contributing to calving difficulty (dystocia) and compare the influence of pelvic diameters, weight and height of heifers measured after breeding and before calving on dystocia. The horizontal and vertical pelvic diameters, hip height and weight of heifers were measured two months after breeding and again two months before calving. Snell transformed calving difficulty scores (0 = normal to 100 = surgical intervention) were used in analyzing the data by analysis of covariance. Body condition score of the heifer, sire birth weight of the calf, birth weight of the calf, and ratio of calf birth weight to pelvic area all had significant effects on dystocia. Calf birth weight, ratio of calf birth weight to pelvic area, and heifer's condition score were especially important. However, sex of calf did not have a significant influence on dystocia. Generally, the variables measured before calving accounted for a higher proportion of variation in dystocia than those measured after breeding. Thus, based on the relative importance of the major factors affecting dystocia, it is suggested that selection of bulls with low birth weight for breeding on normal size heifers with optimum body condition score, and well developed pelvic opening, would be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of dystocia in beef heifers.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.227-230
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• 2001

To know and apply the factors affecting calf's gender may increase our competitiveness of Hanwoo industry. Thus, this study was carried out to analyse the effect of expected factors on calf's gender and to make an alternative idea for desired calf's gender. Gender of calves born by AI was not affected by AI year and cow parity, but significantly affected by sire and farm. Therefore, to obtain calves' gender that we want, both selecting optimum sire for AI and providing optimum feeding environment for cow should be required.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the rate of twin pregnancy and parturition in dairy cows. Calving records of Holstein dairy cows from 1998 to 2009 comprising Goyang and Paju cities herd with 20,990 calving events representing 820 twin births were used to evaluate twinning rate, calf sex ratio, periods of pregnancy and complication after parturition in single and twin births. Overall, the reported twinning rate was 3.9% in Holstein dairy cows. Rate of bicornual pregnancy (75%) was larger than that of unicornual pregnancy (25%) among cows having twin. Regardless of parity, the greatest twinning rate was observed in fall season from September to November. Calf sex ratios (male, M; female, F) were 48.0% FM, 28.9% MM, 21.5% FF and 0.9% mummifications for twin calves. Parturition type among cows having twins included normal (4.7%), premature (66.9%), delayed (9.2%), abortion (18.4%) and mummification (0.8%). The period of pregnancy in twin pregnancy (mean 272.6 days) was shorter than single pregnancy (mean 278.1 days). The retained placenta after parturition was over fourth times such as twin parturition (34.8%) higher than single parturition (8.5%) and the abomasal displacement was over two times such as twin parturition (10.2%) higher than single parturition (4.9%). The distribution of twin pregnancy with parities was high rate during the 2~3 parities. The prevalence of complication such as retained placenta and abomasal displacement with twin parturition revealed higher than single parturition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.257-269
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• 1990

We designed this study to compare the total body fat content and its distribution of diabetics with those of normal subjects. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites(subscapular, subcostal, abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, forearm, thigh and calf) and body circumferences at five sites(waist, hip, arm, thigh and calf) were measured on 220 diabetics(82 male, 138 female) and on 160 nondiabetic subjects(male 57, female 103). We matched 92 pairs with diabetics and nondiabetic control subjects by sex, age, body weight and height, and made comparisons between two groups(case-control study). The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in total body fat content of diabetics and control (male ; 20.40$\pm$2.12%, 19.20$\pm$3.52%, female ; 26.46$\pm$2.53%, 27.01$\pm$2.92%, respectively). However, body muscle mass(%) in diabetic men(33.37$\pm$4.19%) was significantly lower than in nondiabetic men(38.16$\pm$7.11%). 2) Diabetics, especially women, were characterized by more central body fat than control. That is, indices of centrality of body fat distribution(subscapular/triceps skinfold : STR, central/peripheral fat : CPR) of diabetics were higher than those of control. 3) Body weight, body mass index and %IBW(current body weight$\times$100/ideal body weight) had negative correlations with duration of diabetes(r=-0.23~-0.33), but total body fat content(%) and indices of body fat distribution, such as STR, CPR, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), and waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR), were not related to duration of diabetes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2002

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of non-genetic factors and association among replacement and lifetime production traits. The data on 542 Holstein Friesian cows maintained during 1975-98 at State Cattle Breeding Project, Sector III, Hisar, were utilized. The average sex-ratio, abnormal births, mortality, culling and replacement rates on total calf born and total female calf born basis were 51.62, 8.50, 17.52, 31.05, 22.78 and 51.41 per cent, respectively. The study revealed that a minimum of 4 to 5 progenies are required per cow over its lifetime to replace itself. It indicated that each cow should produce a minimum of 2 female calves during its life so as to replace herself before being lost. The least-squares means for productive herd life, longevity and lifetime production were $1439.32{\pm}87.64$ and $2419.18{\pm}8.25$ days and $11317.95{\pm}913.15kg$, respectively. The heritability estimates for all replacement traits were very low indicating that sire selection may bring no desirable change in these traits. Heritability estimates were $0.178{\pm}0.157$, $0.288{\pm}0.184$ and $0.096{\pm}0.195$ for corresponding lifetime production traits. Breeding values and ranking of sires were generated for replacement and lifetime production traits to estimate the rank correlations between these traits. Moderate desirable rank correlations were obtained between replacement rate and lifetime production traits indicating that sires proven on the basis of milk production are also expected to have better replacement rate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cow and Korean native cattle(KNC), raised in several Chungnam province. To determine the prevalence of antibodies to N caninum, a total of five hundred fifty six sera were analyzed by indirected fluorescent antibody(IFA) test. Five hundred thirty three sera were collected from fifteen dairy herds and twenty three sera were taken from fourteen KNC herds from December 1999 to November 2000. Seropositive ratio of the dairy cattle sera were individually or herdly tested and showed 64.2% and 93.3%, respectively. It was recorded with 78.6% and 47.8% in KNC. The seropositive ratio of dairy cattle was depended on the size of ranch. It was 92.2, 60.7 and 57.9% at the size of less than thirty, thirty to seventy and more than seventy one cattle, respectively However, it was different from the province of Chungnam. The seropositive ratio to N caninum of dairy cattle were 79.5, 53.1, 61.4 and 31.1% at Gongju, Yeongi, Geumsan and Cheongwon, respectively. It showed difference at the growth stage and sex of cattle. The seropositive ratios of N caninum of calf, heifer, premiparous, multiparous(2nd-5th), multiparous (6>th) and bulls confirmed to 25.0, 50.3, 70.3, 71.2, 50.0 and 50.0%, respectively. It was related with brucellosis in cattle. The infected ones with brucellosis were 75.7% of seropositive ratios to N caninum. The results of this study indicated that N caninum infection was widespread in Chungnam province and confirmed existing with brucellosis in cattle.