• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.197-202
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• 1999

Three barrows weighing 45.0 kg, fitted with simple T-cannulas in both the duodenum and terminal ileum, were assigned to diets in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design experiment to determine the effect of two calcium levels (0.8% vs 0.4%) on phytase activity and nutrient balance in growing pigs. The control diet contained 0.8% calcium, with no added inorganic phosphorus (0.45% total phosphorus) and no added phytase. The two additional experimental diets contained microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) and supplied either 0.8% or 0.4% calcium. With added microbial phytase, ileal and total tract digestibility of rotal phosphorus were improved by 20.9 and 13.8 percentage units, respectively (p=0.01). The apparent duodenal and ileal digestibility of phytate phosphorus were increased by 51.8 and 49.7 percentage units (p=0.01). Lowering dietary calcium in the presence of microbial phytase increased the digestibility of phytate phosphorus by an additional 10.9 (p=0.001) and 5.7 percentage units for duodenal and ileal digestibility, respectively. Supplementation with microbial phytase significantly reduced fecal excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and increased the percentage of these nutrients retained by the pig. Lowering dietary calcium further increased the percentage of dietary phosphorus retained. Overall, reducing dietary calcium appeared to increase the effectiveness of added microbial phytase in degrading phytate phosphorus. As a result, care should be taken to avoid high levels of dietary calcium when supplementing swine diets with microbial phytase.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2002

본 연구는 vermicomposting에 의하여 한우분을 처리할 경우, 지렁이의 생육과 분립생산에 알맞는 적정한 인과 칼슘의 첨가수준을 추정하였다. 인 2%수준에서 실험 종료시 생체중, 증체속도가 높았지만, 칼슘 첨가수준간에서는 유의한 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 분립의 유효 인 함량과 칼슘함량의 비율은 인 2% 수준에서 1.04-1.20:1의 범위였고, 인 4%수준에서는1.28-1.37:1의 범위를 나타내었다. 유기물의 체 조직으로의 전환율은 인 2%수준에서 0.35%-0.41%의 범위, 4%수준에서는 0.25%-0.40%의 범위를 나타내었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the calcium and phosphorus intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25male breast and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum. There were four groups breast-fed(BF) and three formula-fed groups(FFM, FFN and FFP). There was no significant difference in the height and weight of infants according to feeding methods and formula brands. Milk intake and the concentration of calcium and phosphorus from human milk and the formulas were measured. The average calcium content of human milk was 26.6$\pm$4.1mg/dl and 13.5$\pm$2.0mg/dl, respectively. The average calcium intakes of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 205.5$\pm$29.3mg/day and the 460.5$\pm$70.6mg/day, respectively the average calcium intake of breast-fed infants was significantly lower than that of formula fed infant. The percent of RDA(41%) of breast-fed infants was lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed infant. The average phosphorus intake of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 105.1$\pm$20.1mg/day and 288.3$\pm$37.3mg/day, respectively. The precent of RDA(27%) for brest fed was significantly lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed. The Ca/P ratios were 2.1 in brest fed and 1.6 in formula fed infant. The average calcium and phosphorus intakes of the formula fed infants was higher than that of the brest-fed infants. This data suggests the calcium and phosphorus intakes form human milk sufficiently support the growth of infants. Therefore, the level of calcium and phosphorus recommended dietary allowances for infants should be reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.303-308
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• 1992

Three female sheep were daily administered a pyrophosphate analogue, disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) at the level of 4 mg/kg body weight. HEBP largely suppressed bone resorption, which was indicated by the reduction in plasma free hydroxyproline concentration and in calcium mobilization rate during the intravenous infusion of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Contrary to the suppression of bone resorption, plasma total-calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were not changed by HEBP administration. These results suggest that bone mineral crystals play a meaningless role on calcium, magnesium and phosphorus homeostasis in ruminants if they are fed adequate amounts of these minerals. Plasma magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were not significantly changed after feeding. However, plasma total-calcium was decreased after feeding in both periods and the reduction seemed to be remarkable in the HEBP-treated period. Infusion of EDTA more remarkably reduced plasma ionized calcium concentration in the HEBP-treated that in the untreated period and the recovery of ionized calcium was retarded by HEBP administration. These results suggest that calcium release from bone is necessary for maintenance of plasma calcium when animals rapidly lose calcium.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

칼슘과 인은 동물의 골격형성 및 반 평형유지에 필수적일 뿐 아니라 란각의 중요간 구성물질이다. 그러나 가금의 주요 원료사료인 식물성사료는 대부분 칼슘과 인의 함량이 낮으며 그 이용성도 낮아 별도로 추가공급이 필요하다. 따라서 칼슘과 인의 기능을 밝히고 요구량을 찾아내며, 그 공급원 및 이용성을 조사하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이제까지 칼슘과 인의 영향적 특성 및 공급에 관해 고찰하였는 바 결과를 요약하면 다용과 같다. 1. 칼슘과 인은 정상적인 기능을 수행하기 위해 비타민D 및 Na 등과 긴밀한 상호작용을 가지고 있다. 2. 대부분의 식물성 사료내에 들어 있는 인은 피 틴태로서 단위 동물에는 이용성이 낮으며 가축의 년령이 증가하거나 비타민D$^3$의 급여가 증가하면 피틴태 인외 이용율도 다소 증가한다. 일반적으로 동물성사료 및 무기가물사료내 존재하는 칼슘과 인은 이용성이 상당히 높다. 3. 가금의 칼슘과 인의 요구량은 부로일러 및 산란용 초생추의 경우 칼슘 1.0% 인 0.7% 내외이며. 산란계의 경우 칼슘 3.5% 인 0.4% 수준으로 요약되었는데 이는 최근 NRC(1977)의 요구량 수준과 비슷하다. 4. 칼슘과 인의 공급은 사료섭취량이 적은 경우 공급수준을 증가시켜 주는 것이 바람직하며 산란계의 경우 산란율이 높거나 년령이 오래된 닭의 경우 칼슘의 급여량을 증가시켜 3.75%까지 급여하는 것이 좋다. 실제 사육시에는 칼슘과 인의 이용율을 고려하여 요구량 수준보다 20%정도 증가시켜 주는 것이 바람직하다. 5. 칼슘과 인 공급제의 이용성은 제1, 제2, 제3 인산칼슘. 탄산칼슘, 골분, 석회석, 패분등이 가장 우수하였으며 연인광석, 탈불인광석, 석고등은 다소 떨어졌다. 산란계의 경우 칼슘공중제로서 방해 석은 석회석이나 패분과 비교해 볼때 거의 같은 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 방해석은 새로운 칼슘공급제로서 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 6. 칼슘공급제의 입자도가 산란능력에 미치는 영향은 아직 확정지을만한 결과를 얻지 못하고 있으나 일반적으로 패분은 입자도가 굵을때 석회석은 입자도가 미세할 때 산란능력이 우수하였다. 7. 산란계에 있어서 패분과 석희석을 단용 하는 것보다 혼용하면 그 이용성이 증가하였다. 8. 사료내 Na의 농도가 높으면 인의 급여량도 높여 주는 것이 산란능력 향상에 도움이 되었으며 Na수준이 낮은경우는 인의 급여수준도 낮추는 것이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1018-1024
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• 1997

In order to investigate calcium , phosphorous and magnesium intake of breast-fed infants, consumed volumes of human milk and those mineral contents of the milk were examined at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation. Calcium , phosphorus and magnesium contents of human milk during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 26.0, 13.7 and 3.70mg/100g, respectively. Calcium intake of infants averaged 192.3 and 171.0mg/day which represented 39.7 and 33.5% of the RDA for boys and girls, respectively. Phosphorus intake of infants averaged 100.7 and 85.2mg/day which represented 26.2% and 23.4 % of the RDA for boys and girls respectively. The calcium /phosphorus ratio of human milk averaged 2.00 during lactation. The results of this survey suggest that, the reevaluation of calcium , phosphorus and magnesium intake and recommended dietary allowance of these nutrients during infancy is merited.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on calcium and phosphorus balance in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy iso-flavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (Jow isoflavone intake; LI) , 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were then measured. In the sham-operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than the control group while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in the ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of calcium was significantly lower in the LI, MI and HI groups than the control group in sham operated rats, and significantly lower in the HI group than the control group in ovariectomized rats. Also, apparent ab-sorption rate of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference among groups. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was significantly lower in the HI group than the LI group in the sham-operated rats. Urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in the control ovariectomized rats than in the control sham-operated rats. Retention of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference in both groups. From the above result, we see that isoflavone intake increases calcium retention through an increase in calcium absorption and also suppresses the increase of calcium excretion in urine in ovariectomy. Therefore, it is suggested that isoflavone intake is recommended for menopausal women who experience sharp bone loss due to the decrease in estrogen honnone.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1098-1109
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate macro-mineral contents in human milk longitudinally from 2 days to 12 weeks postpartum. Milk samples were collected from 34 healthy lactating women. Calcium, Phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were analyzed. Concentrations of the minerals except for magnesium differed significantly within the lactation period. The levels of sodium and potassium declined linearly over the first 12 weeks of lactation, but that of phosphorus increased. Statistically significant quadratic trends were observed in phosphorus and sodium concentrations. There was no significant correlation between maternal age and mineral concentrations throughout the lactations period. In addition, no significant differences were found between the primipara and the multipara for mineral concentrations in human milk. Mineral intake of lactating women did not affect the individual mineral concentrations of milk. However, the protein and fat intake of lactating women had a significant correlation with sodium and potassium concentrations. The following four pairs of minerals : potassium and calcium, potassium and phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, and calcium and phosphorus showed a positive correlation with each other in human milk.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2002

Paraquat (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyrrimidinium-dichlorides (PQ): MW 186.6) has been used to killing verierty of hubside plants. For this study were use Sprague-dawely rats (190$\pm$10 gm) and injection 40 mg/kg BW of paraquat (LD$_{50}$) to 24 hrs PQ and 4 days PQ group excepte normal control. For the measurement of blood calcium Ino-phosphorus and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by HITTACH 746. In serum phosphoruse of normal control were 8.0$\pm$1.2 mg/dl and 24 hrs PQ group were 8.9$\pm$1.0 mg/dl (P<0.05) and 4 days PQ group were 8.8$\pm$0.42 gmm/dl (P<0.05). In serum phosphorus were very sensitive uptaked to 10% within only 24 hours, but 4 days of PQ were similar uptake level than 24 hrs PQ. So this 8.9 mg/dl of sem phosphorus may be thought threshold level becouse does not more encrease. In blood calcium normal of rats were measured 9.51$\pm$0.3 mg/dl and 24 hrs of PQ group were 9.9$\pm$0.51 mg/dl (uptaked 4.5%, p>0.05). This uptake cannot fined meaning mathmatic statistics but 4 days PQ groups of calcium were 10.43$\pm$0.37 gm/dl (uptaked 10%, p<0.05). That 24 hrs PQ groups of caclium dose not reacted sensitive to irritated by PQ. So, when use oxidants of PQ, the blood calcium and Ino-phosphorus were linear correlated uptake that reasone thought may be move out form hardness bone tissue to in blood it does not take feeding to hunger for 4 days. In ALP normal of rats were measured 991$\pm$106 unit/L. In 24 hrs irritated PQ rats were fall down by 629$\pm$91 unit/L (P<0.001) but in 4 days of PQ rats were 792$\pm$85 unit/L (P<0.0011) that the activity of level were mild recovered activity from 629 unit (63%) to 792 unit (80%). So, that the reasone of ALP were very sensitive activity and reverse correlated to blood calcium or phosphorus irritated by PQ.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2017

Skeletal deformities are significant problems that affect the growth and commercial value of fish reared in hatcheries. However, studies of bone metabolic process related to skeletal deformities are limited. We investigated the potential correlation between bone deformities and plasma calcium, phosphorus, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in reared red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) juveniles. We collected E. akaara frys from private farms at 110, 140, 180 and 300 days after hatching (DAH), and classified the normal and deformed fish by observing their external shape and inner frame by soft X-ray. We also analyzed the calcium, phosphorous, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in their plasma. A comparison between normal and deformed fish, indicated that calcium and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels were higher in deformed fish than in the normal at 180 and 300 DAH. The level of phosphorus was also higher in deformed individuals than in normal fish, but only at 300 DAH. These results suggest that skeletal deformities are associated with increases in plasma calcium, phosphorus, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels.