• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.796-802
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• 1995

Oyijangachi, a traditional Korean brinded cucumber, was prepared by brinning the cucumbers in five different solutions for 48 hrs and then, was dipped into dipping sources(Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang) for 30 days of aging. Firmness, calcium content and enzyme activities(pectinesterase and polygalacturonase) changes were measured among the cucumbers which were treated by five different solutions during aging. The firmness of Kochujang Oyijangachi were the lowest after 10 days of aging for all from the five brining solutions because of "hollow phenomena" of cucumbers. Calcium contents of cucumbers after dipping into the five solutiosn increased as calcium content of the solutions increased and also increased when the cucumbers dipped into the dipping bases(Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang) because of calcium migration from the dipping sources into the cucumbers during aging. The calcium contents of the three dipping bases were ranged from 70mg% to 120mg% of Ca. The activity of polygalacturonase in the Oyijangachi decreased generally during aging and decreased rapidly during initial 5 days of aging. The activity of pectinesterase of cucumbers treated with 12% salts solutions(treatment 3, 4 and 5) were higher than those of cucumbers treated with 6% salts solutions(treatment 1 and 2).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide information on management and apply it to a roadside ground cover plant understanding the capacity of calcium chloride in the plant. The experimental group was composed of the ratio control group of calcium chloride, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% in 500g of soil. Plant materials were selected and measured according to their ecological characteristics such as ground cover plant, Pachysandra terminalis, Hosta plantaginea, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Vitex rotundifolia, Euonymus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. The acidity of the amended soil was increased gradually depending on the treatment and conductivity was continually decreased. The EX-Ca increased after the treatment, but decreased in the middle of the experiment. Pachysandra terminalis, Trachelospermum asiaticum and Euonymus japonica were able to grow and survive at the ratio of 0.5%. Hosta plantaginea and Vitex rotundifolia were able to survive at the ratio of 1.0%. Hosta plantaginea, the possible state can absorb salts due to moisture and, can be applied to ground cover plants in the roadside. The growth and development of Callicarpa japonica was poor and the leaves were open to grow for calcium chloride treatment except the control group. It was concluded that Callicarpa japonica was very sensitive to calcium chloride.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1262-1270
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil fatty acids (CaSO) and linseed oil fatty acids (CaLO) on c9,t11-CLA production in ruminal fluid and milk fat from Holstein dairy cows. Rumen fermentation, lactational performances and fatty acid profiles in ruminal fluid and milk fat were also investigated. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allotted randomly into two groups consisting of ten cows in each group according to calving date and average milk yield. The first group of cows was fed a control (without calcium salts) diet and a treatment as 1.0% of CaSO (on DM basis) for 30 days in each period. In the second group, cows were fed the same control diet and 1.0% of CaLO as a treatment in the same manner. The forage: concentrate ratio was 52:48, and diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (DM basis) for both groups. Ruminal pH, protozoal numbers and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids were unchanged, however, the ruminal ammonia-N decreased by feeding CaSO or CaLO treatment compared to the control diet. The vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1; VA) in rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 169% and 153%, and the c9,t11-CLA content of rumen fluid increased (p<0.01) by 214% and 210% in the CaSO and CaLO treatments, respectively, compared to the control diet. In milk fatty acids, the VA content increased by 130% and 132% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, and the c9,t11-CLA content increased by 125% in both milking times for the CaSO supplementation than that of control diet. In the case of CaLO supplementation, the VA increased by 117% and 114%, and the c9,t11-CLA increased by 96% and 94% in the evening and morning milking times, respectively, compared to the control diet. The contents of VA and c9,t11-CLA of milk fatty acids were numerically higher in the evening milking time compared to the morning milking time for control and both treatments. Finally, these results indicated that the supplementation of CaSO or CaLO treatment increased the VA and the c9,t11-CLA in both ruminal fluid and milk fat of Holstein dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1983

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of potassium salts on the changes of chemical properties in submerged soil. Rice plants were cultured in submerged soil using potassium salts. Obtained results were as follows. In the submerged soil cultured with rice plants the value of pH was higher in the potassium chloride plot than in the potassium sulfate plot. The leaching of cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and ammonium were higher in the potassium chloride plot than in the potassium sulfate plot. On the other hand, the leaching of phosphate ion was slightly higher in the potassium sulfate plot than in the potassium chloride plot. The leaching of iron was higher in the planted plot than in the non-planted plot, but that of silica was higher in the non-planted plot than in the planted plot. However, the leaching of iron and silica was not affected by potassium salts.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.363-374
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• 2012

Quality characteristics of baechu (Kimchi cabbage) kimchi prepared using various kinds of domestic solar salts (KS5Y, KS2Y, KS1Y, KFS, and KSS) and imported solar salts (AS1Y and CS1Y) were compared with Korean processed salt (KRS) and Mexican rock salt (MR1Y) during 60 days of storage. Sodium contents of MR1Y, AS1Y, and domestic KRS with values of 363,653.40, 358,952.40, and 356,799.90 mg/dL, respectively, were significantly higher than that of KFS with a value of 280,249.80 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Thus, the kimchi using KFS was expected to have 22-23% lower sodium content compared to that of the other kimchis. KFS magnesium content was significantly highest at 4,464.10 mg/dL and calcium was significantly the highest in samples of KS1Y with a value of 711.31 mg/dL. Most of the pHs and acidities in the kimchi samples were in the optimum range due to the relatively low storage temperature of $2^{\circ}C$. The salt concentrations of all kimchis using domestic solar salt during storage was greatly reduced compared to those using the imported salts or KRS. Sensory saltiness of the KS1Y sample group was significantly the lowest value (6.08) at 0 days of storage (p < 0.001) and maintained relatively low saltiness during the entire storage period. The crispness of the KS2Y, KS1Y, and KSS sample groups were significantly higher (10.02, 9.77, and 9.49, respectively), compared to that of KRS (7.64) at 60 days of storage (p < 0.001). The KFS sample group had the higher acceptance values for pickled seafood aroma, sour aroma, saltiness, and overall acceptability compared to those in the other samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.593-596
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• 2003

The special amendment agent used in this study is mainly composed of inorganic metal salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, thus is friendly to the environment, and has a function of soil-cement-agent solidification. In this study, a series of laboratory and field experiments including unconfined compressive strength, permeability, pH test, constituent analysis, leaching test were carried out to analyse engineering and environmental characteristics of solidified sludge. The results of this research showed that the solidified sludge could be efficiently used in covering, filling, and planting materials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1413-1420
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• 2014

Phytate is an antinutritional factor that impacts the bioavailability of essential minerals such as $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ by forming insoluble mineral-phytate salts. These insoluble mineral-phytate salts are hydrolyzed rarely by monogastric animals, because they lack the hydrolyzing phytases and thus excrete the majority of them. The ${\beta}$-propeller phytases (BPPs) hydrolyze these insoluble mineral-phytate salts efficiently. In this study, we cloned a novel BPP gene from a marine Pseudomonas sp. This Pseudomonas BPP gene (PsBPP) had low sequence identity with other known phytases and contained an extra internal repeat domain (residues 24-279) and a typical BPP domain (residues 280-634) at the C-terminus. Structure-based sequence alignment suggested that the N-terminal repeat domain did not possess the active-site residues, whereas the C-terminal BPP domain contained multiple calcium-binding sites, which provide a favorable electrostatic environment for substrate binding and catalytic activity. Thus, we overexpressed the BPP domain from Pseudomonas sp. to potentially hydrolyze insoluble mineral-phytate salts. Purified recombinant PsBPP required $Ca^{2+}$ or $Fe^{2+}$ for phytase activity, indicating that PsBPP hydrolyzes insoluble $Fe^{2+}$-phytate or $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts. The optimal temperature and pH for the hydrolysis of $Ca^{2+}$-phytate by PsBPP were $50^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. Biochemical and kinetic studies clearly showed that PsBPP efficiently hydrolyzed $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts and yielded myo-inositol 2,4,6-trisphosphate and three phosphate groups as final products. Finally, we showed that PsBPP was highly effective for hydrolyzing rice bran with high phytate content. Taken together, our results suggest that PsBPP has great potential in the animal feed industry for reducing phytates.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.417-421
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to study on the construction of roadbed with environmental friendly soil amendment agent. The special amendment agent used in this study is mainly composed of inorganic metal salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride,, thus is friendly to the environment, and has a function of soil-cement-agent solidification. Various components of this agent weaken the negative function of humic acid and decompose humic acid itself. Then, the calcium cation of the cement can now be made contact directly to the soil surface. The project of local road demonstration of roadbed construction with special soil treatment agent was peformed in Northeast Thailand on August 1999 by the sponsor of Highway Department of Thailand. A series of field experiments including unconfined compressive strength were carried out to investigate the physical and mechanical characteristics of solidified roadbed treated by this solidifying agent. The results of this research showed that the roadbed using poor soil could be efficiently constructed by treatment of this amendment agent.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.308-311
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• 2006

Saesongi (Pleurotus eryngii) was cultivated in both potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust media supplemented with Ca salts. The addition of Ca phosphate and Ca carbonate to sawdust media did not affect the growth, whereas Ca sulfate addition suppressed the mycelial growth appreciably. The efficiencies of Ca accumulation in the fruiting were studied based on mycelial growth experiments on Ca-supplemented sawdust media. Supplementation with 0.1 to 5% Ca phosphate increased the Ca content in the fruiting body by 4.5-6.5 fold, to a level of $314.6{\pm}22.7$ to $449.7{\pm}29.3$.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.11-14
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• 1971

Zephyranthes candida, Narcissus pseudonarcissus and Crinum asiaticum pollen were placed near their pistil parts respectively on agar cultural media(microslides) containing 10% sucrose and 100mg/l botic acid plus 1% agar with or without calcium and some other calciumsupporting inorganic salts. If fresh pistils (100% moisture) were used pollen grew toward their pistil parts, showing "positive" tropism. This was also true when combinations among three different species were made. Pollen tubes grew away from the pistils if they were dried (below 10% moisture), showing "negative" tropism. Pollen could not show any tropic growth and thus grew at random of all directions if the pistil parts were incompletely dried (approximately 50% moisture). The similar tropic responses of pollen-tube growth with the three species could be demonstrated with etiehr wet or dried tooth-pick segments. Calcium jons in the basic medium merely promated pollen-tube growth and so either "positive" or "negative" tropism became rather distinctive, but they were not tropically active. Pollen tubes grow toward pistil parts with more moisture content and seem to be hydrotropically sensitive. This was assumed due to the cohesive force existing in water molecules.esive force existing in water molecules.