• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate the consumption prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods (VM-HFF) and to examine the factors associated with VM-HFF consumption behaviors in adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high schools from various cities and rural communities in Korea participated in this study. The prevalence of VM-HFF consumption was 41.7%, with boys showing a higher consumption than girls (p<0.01). VM-HFF consumption was higher in families with higher socioeconomic status and for families with parents that exhibited higher concerns about their child's health, growth, and nutritional intake (p<0.001). Most consumers of VM-HFF consumed HFFs 'when healthy' (50.1%), and acquired nutritional information from 'their families & relatives' (50.9%). Most consumers responded that VM-HFF was 'a little effective' (54.3%), followed by 'no obvious effects' (37.1%), and 'very effective' (7.4%). The effectiveness of consuming VM-HFF was mainly for 'fatigue recovery' (39.0%) and 'health improvement' (28.2%). Most consumers purchased HFFs at 'pharmacies & oriental medicine clinics' (53.8%) and at 'health functional food stores' (18.8%). Most consumers 'occasionally' (51.1%) or 'seldom' (27.3%) checked nutrition facts when purchasing, with 58.9% of consumers understanding the nutritional label for 'the most part', but only 8.7% of them understanding it 'very well'. Among the VM-HFF, consumers preferred calcium- and vitamin C-supplements. Consumers' mini-dietary assessment scores were higher than those of non-consumers. The results above showed that VM-HFF consumption was widely spread among adolescents, but few consumers checked and understood the nutrition label when they purchased VM-HFF, and were highly dependent on the advice and information from non-professional nutritionists, such as families & relatives. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them read nutrition labels and select the proper VM-HFF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.887-892
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• 2003

The effects of liquid culture of Agaricus blazei Murill on the body weight gain, lipid metabolism, protein levels, and enzyme activities were studied in growing male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups ; control group (A. blazei free water), 20 or 30% A. blazei groups (20 or 30% A. blazei in water) according to the levels of A. blazei supplementation. The rats were fed ad libitum each of the experimental beverage for 5 weeks. The body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency ratio, and organ weight of the 20 or 30% A. blazei groups were similar to those of the control group. There were no differences in the concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total protein and albumin, and the activities of GOT, GPT, LDH and alkaline phosphatase of the serum among the experimental groups. The calcium and phosphorus concentrations of serum in the 20 or 30% A. blazei group were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. The concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index of the 20 or 30% A. blazei groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, but the serum HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was higher. These results showed that the 20 or 30% A. blazei feeding decreased the LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index, and increased HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio in serum of rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.364-371
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to estimate usage of vitamin and mineral supplements as over-the-counter (VM-OTC) drugs as well as examine factors associated with VM-OTC usage in Korean adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high school in all parts of country were included in the analysis. Prevalence of VM-OTC usage was 56.1%, and it was higher as monthly income, father's education level, and socioeconomic status of family increased (p<0.001). VM-OTC intake was higher in middle school students than in high school students as well as in rural areas or small & mediumsized city residents than big city residents (p<0.01). Subjects mainly received information on VM-OTC mainly from 'family and relatives' (46.6%), whereas only 20.3% received information from experts. Subjects took VM-OTC 'when they are healthy' (49.1%), 'when they feel sick' (17.7%), 'when they are on a diet' (17.3%), and 'when they are stressful' (15.9%). The effectiveness of taking VM-OTC were mainly 'fatigue recovery' (35.0%), 'health improvement' (30.6%), and 'nutritional status improvement' (13.2%). The most frequently used VM-OTC was vitamin C (49.1%), multi-vitamins (18.6%), multi vitamins & minerals (13.2%), and calcium (9.2%). Among VM-OTC users, only 21.9% replied that they usually check the nutrition facts when they buy products, 62.4% follow the recommended dosage, and 9.7% fully understand the nutrition labels of the products. According to logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting VM-OTC use was parents' and siblings' VM-OTC consumption (p<0.001). In addition, school type (middle or high school) (p<0.01), residence (p<0.05), self-concerns about health (p<0.05), father's education level (p<0.05), and socioeconomic status of family (p<0.05) all influenced VM-OTC use. These results show that VM-OTC use is widespread among adolescents, few users actually check and fully understand the nutrition labels when they purchase VM-OTC, and they are highly dependent on unprofessional advice and information. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them select proper VM-OTC and read nutrition labels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.247-261
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the association between insulin resistance and the major dietary patterns of Korean adults. Methods: This study used data from the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were 2,276 adults aged 19 to 64 years old. Based on the food frequency questionnaire data, 112 food items were reclassified into 30 food groups. The principal component analysis method was applied to identify major dietary patterns. We used homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) value as indicators of insulin resistance. The association between major dietary patterns and insulin resistance was investigated using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified and assigned descriptive names based on the food items with high loadings: 'healthy Korean meal pattern', 'western meal pattern', and 'white rice, alcohol, meat pattern'. As the 'white rice, alcohol, meat pattern' score increased, significant increasing trends for fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR and a significant decreasing trend for QUICKI were observed after adjusting for age and sex. The odds ratio of insulin resistance according to the 'healthy Korean meal pattern' and the 'western meal pattern' were not statistically significant. the 'white rice, alcohol, meat pattern' showed a significant positive association with the risk of insulin resistance after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: These results suggest that the 'white rice, alcohol, meat pattern' is positively associated with the risk of insulin resistance. The white rice, alcohol, meat pattern was related to the high consumption of alcohol together with rice or meat. This pattern was also associated with the high intake of sodium and low intakes of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber. To confirm the association, further longitudinal studies are required.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.397-412
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• 2021

In Experiment 1, the impact of using diets sufficient in P on the performance of weaned piglet growth with or without a super dose of phytase was investigated. One hundred and twelve piglets were randomized into four treatments with 7 replicates (4 piglets·cage^-1). Bodyweight (BW), daily gain (ADG), daily intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were measured over three weeks. Treatments included a positive control (PC) with a Ca : P ratio of 0.80 : 0.50%. and the negative control (NC) had a Ca : P ratio of 0.60 : 0.50%. The PC plus phytase was denoted as PC+, and the NC with the phytase diet was designated as NC+. The PC diet was formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) standards for pigs weighing 7 - 25 kgs. Better results were obtained with the PC diet (p > 0.1) compared to the NC diet. The super dose of phytase in the PC+ diet significantly improved the overall FCR (p < 0.1). For Experiment 2, the impact of different calcium (Ca)/phosphorous (P) ratios with or without supplementation of vitamin D₃ was determined. Ninety-six piglets were randomized into four treatments with 6 replicates (4 piglets·cage^-1). The PC, NC1 and NC2 diets had ratios of 0.80 : 0.50, 0.80 : 0.45, and 0.60 : 0.45%, respectively. The fourth diet (PCV) was the PC diet fortified with vitamin D₃. Improved results were observed with the PC diet (p > 0.1) compared to the NC diets. Supplementing dietary 25-OH-D₃ in the PCV diet led to numerically higher ADG and ADFI scores with lower FCR values at the early nursery stage (p = 0.0044), but the vitamin supplement did not significantly influence the growth.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.197-207
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• 2021

Relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and type 2 diabetes is still inconsistent. Recently, many epidemiologic data show that fracture risk is increased in type 2 diabetic patients regardless of BMD status. In this study, we used nation-wide data from 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to analyze the BMD status in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetics. We included subjects aged 50 years or older in men (N=2,959, 2,430 without diabetes, 529 with type 2 diabetes) and postmenopausal women (N=2,902, 2,479 without diabetes, 423 with type 2 diabetes). Subjects with history of medication for osteoporosis or with illness or malignancy affecting bone metabolism were excluded. Data of anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics were collected by trained examiner. Serum was separated from peripheral venous blood samples obtained after 8 hours of fasting. BMD was measured at lumbar spine and femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There was a significant positive association between lumbar spine BMD and type 2 diabetes after adjusting age, gender, body mass index, monthly house income, education level, physical activity, daily calcium intake and vitamin D concentration by multiple regression analysis in all subjects. In the subgroup analysis by gender, this association was maintained both in male and female after adjusting those confounding factors. However, femur BMD was not different between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In conclusion, lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients aged 50 years or more in men and postmenopausal women compared to non-diabetic subjects.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.209-220
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• 2021

The effect of body composition such as lean mass and fat mass on bone mineral density (BMD) is complex and still controversial. In this study, we investigated the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density using nation-wide data from 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2,139 men and 2,193 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older. Subjects with history of medication for osteoporosis or with diseases or malignancy affecting bone metabolism were excluded. Data of anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics were collected by trained examiner. Fasting blood sample was obtained for blood chemistry analysis. BMD of the lumbar spine, total femur, and femoral neck, and body composition such as total lean mass (TLM), total fat mass (TFM), truncal fat mass (TrFM) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There were significant positive correlations between body composition indices such as lean mass and fat mass with BMD. In multiple regression analysis, TLM was positively associated with BMD after adjusting age, body mass index, monthly house income, education level, physical activity, daily calcium intake and vitamin D concentration in both men and postmenopausal women. BMD at lumbar spine and femur in lowest quartile of TLM was significantly lower than other quartiles after adjusting those confounding factors in both gender. TrFM was negatively associated with total femur BMD in male and femur neck BMD in postmenopausal women after adjusting confounding factors. In conclusion, TLM is very important factor in maintaining BMD in subjects aged 50 years or older in men and postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was to present home-care cases of gangrene sores or prevalent diseases using fake energy salt (FES) water containing energy. Methods: The health functional foods used for disease management were FES Water. Each product was Myeongil Leaf powder, dried yeast, propolis, fermented organic calcium, and royal jelly. Changes were investigated after taking this food. Some of them were combined with hospital treatment, and most of them were experienced by patients at home while managing the affected area. Results: One patient with high fever swine flu, who was treated in a hospital, had a fever dropping to the normal range in 2 hours, and one patient with a leg fracture healed in about six weeks, and one patient had bone adhesion in 2 weeks. Patients with rhinitis recovered after taking FES, and the intraocular pressure of patients with damaged retinopathy fell from 40 mmHg to 20 mmHg after taking FES. One patient with postpartum sequelae was said to have improved their aching limbs four days, and a Covid-19 confirmed patient admitted to the hospital was discharged ten days after starting taking FES during treatment. The size of the gangrene sores in 19 subjects initially ranged from 1 to 7 cm. Most of them were alleviated or healed by continuing to manage them at home with health functional food intake and FES for two weeks to a year. Conclusions: The above results are personal experiences and health functions, such as fake energy salts. It was possible to recognize that food was helpful for health promotion, but no final medical diagnosis was made.

• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO₂, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.