• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1974

The relations of the growth responses of plants, i.e. 4 species of crops, 12 species of roadside trees and 5 species of horticultural plants to cadmium (Cd) to which added soil were studied in pot culture. Growth in dry weight of corn, soybean, barley and wheat plant were decreased with increase of Cd concentration. Damage of corn plant caused by Cd treatment was more or less recovered when it was grown in soil with calcium, but that of other three crops was not recovered when it was with calcium. Although crop plants used here absorbed small amount of Cd through root, Cd content in the shoot was directly proportionate to the concentration of Cd treated to soil. Additions of calcium and sulfur to soil were effectively to change of soil pH, and only of calcium increased exchangeable calcium and cation exchange capacity of its soil. The chlorosis on leaves caused by Cd treatment was observed in 2 species such as Euonymus japonica and Rhododendron yedoense out of 5 species of the horticultural plants, especially at 50ppm of Cd concentration, Euonymus japonica occurred symptoms of chlorosis and difoliation, and at the higher concentration than that the symtoms were sever more and more. At 200 ppm of Cd feeble damage was observed in Pinus koraiensis and Ginkgo biloba but severe chlorosis observed in Robinia pseudoacacia and Sabina chinensis, Buxus koreana, Abies holophylla and Platanus orientalis. Nevertheless those plants had serious damage at 200 ppm of Cd, such symptom was weakened by adding calcium to soil with Cd. There were many Cd tolerant species out of the plants used in thies xperiment, such as Crassula falcata, Chrysanthemum morfolium, Hibiscus syriacus, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Liriodendron tulipeferia, Lespedeza crytobotrys.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.84-99
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• 2001

This study was carried out to acquire basic data necessary for the use of rice-straw chemical pulp. It investigated the proper bleaching conditions when rice-straw chemical pulp(alkaline sulfite-${Na_2}{S_2}{O_4}$) was bleached using the various kinds of bleaching agents by the two-stages bleaching methods. And, physical properties of pulps bleached with eight kinds of two-stages bleaching methods were tested. The results of this study were as follow; 1. The first-stage bleaching was conducted under the proper conditions with chlorine(C). And then, the proper conditions related to the calcium chlorite(H), hydrogen peroxide(P) and sodium hydrosulfite(Y) bleaching as the second-stage bleaching were investigated. The proper conditions of CH stage were determined to be 0.3% concentration of calcium chlorite, $30^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 20min. of reaction time. For CP stage, the proper conditions of concentration of hydrogen peroxide, reaction temperature and reaction time were 1.5%, $60^{\circ}C$ and 90min., respectively. And for CY stage, the proper conditions were 0.5% concentration of sodium hydrosulfite, $40^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 90min. of reaction time. 2. The first-stage bleaching was conducted under the proper conditions with chlorine dioxide(D). And then, the proper conditions related to the calcium chlorite(H), hydrogen peroxide(P) and sodium hydrosulfite(Y) bleaching as the second-stage bleaching were investigated. The proper conditions of DH stage were determined to be 0.5% concentration of calcium chlorite, $25^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 5min. of reaction time. For DP stage, the proper conditions of concentration of hydrogen peroxide, reaction temperature and reaction time were 1.0%, $70^{\circ}C$ and 90min., respectively. And for DY stage, the proper conditions were 0.3% concentration of sodium hydrosulfite, $50^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 20min. of reaction time. 3. The first-stage bleaching was conducted under the proper conditions with calcium chlorite(H). kAnd then, the proper conditions related to the hydrogen peroxide(P) and sodium hydrosulfite(Y) bleaching as the second-stage bleaching were investigated. The proper conditions of HP stage were determined to be 0.3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide, $30^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 60min. of reaction time. For HY stage, the proper conditions of concentration of sodium hydrosulfite, reaction temperature and reaction time were 2.5%, $60^{\circ}C$ and 30min., respectively. 4. When the rice-straw chemical pulps were bleached with eight kinds of two-stages bleaching methods in the proper conditions mentioned above, respectively, the final brightnesses after CH, CP, CY, DH, DP, DY, HP, and HY bleachings were 62.0, 74.3, 61.4, 58.9, 66.9, 62.9, 50.4 and 60.1, respectively. And strengthes of pulps bleached with DP and DH methods were comparatively higher than those of pulps bleached with other bleaching methods.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to apply molecular gastronomy and spherification methodology to persimmon deserts. We prepared 'persimmon calcium alginate beads' and investigated their physical and sensory characteristics by adding different concentrations of sodium alginate (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0%). Lightness and yellowness decreased significantly as the concentration of sodium alginate increased. However hardness, springiness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and resilience but not adhesiveness tended to increase as the concentration of sodium alginate increased. The thickness of the beads increased as the concentration of sodium alginate increased. In contrast, the thickness of the membrane decreased as the concentration of alginate increased from 0.8 to 1.0% suggesting that the amount of sodium alginate had reached a critical point. Quantitative descriptive analysis showed that voluminosity, springiness, hardness, chewiness, and residue tended to increase as the concentration of sodium alginate increased. Overall preference reached a peak at 0.4% sodium alginate.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2007

본 연구는 굴 껍데기로 제조한 개미산 칼슘화합물에 몇 가지 활성제를 첨가한 용액 수관살포가 사과 '후지' 과실의 칼슘농도, 과점의 발육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 실시하였다. 굴 껍데기로부터 추출한 칼슘 화합물(Os-CaF, $52.4mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$)을 수관살포하였을 때 조직으로의 칼슘전이 효과는 무처리에 비하여 잎, 과피 및 과육에서 현저한 증가를 보였다. 그리고 Os-CaF에 활성제를 첨가하여 살포하였을 때 '후지' 과실의 칼슘함량은 증가되었다. 특히, 잎에서는 ascorbic acid, polyvinyl alcohol을, 과피에서는 Ag-colloidal, polyvinyl alcohol을, 과육에서는 ascorbic acid, Ag-colloidal, polyvinyl alcohol을 첨가한 칼슘화합물이 칼슘 흡수량을 현저히 증가시켰다. 칼슘화합물의 농도 및 활성제 종류에 따른 과실품질(과중, 경도, 가용성고형물, 산 함량, 과피색)은 차이가 없었다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권7호
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• pp.1066-1071
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• 2017

Recently high voltage impulse (HVI) technique has been extensively studied for desalting processes to control the $CaCO_3$ scale formation in industrial water practices such as power plant, boiler, and heat exchange operations. Investigation of the operational parameters for the HVI is important, however, those had not been reported yet. In this study, the effect of initial feed volume and contact time on reduction of calcium ion concentration by the HVI technique was investigated. Initial feed volumes of artificial hard water which contained 100 mg/L of $Ca^{2+}$, were set to 1, 2, and 3 L respectively. After 24hr of HVI contact with 12kV, $Ca^{2+}$ ion was reduced to 50, 29 and 19 % of their initial concentration, indicating that calcium removal increased as initial feed volume decreased. This implies the applied HVI pulse energy per unit mass of calcium is important parameter determining overall desalting efficiency. A series of extended operations of HVI up to 30 days verified the long term stability of the HVI system. The calcium ion declined to 40 mg/L after 2~3 days, and further reduction of calcium was not achieved, indicating that optimum operation time could be 2~3 days under these experimental conditions. Consequently, it was confirmed that the important operational parameter of HVI technique is initial feed volume and contact time as well as the applied voltage that was already proven in the previous study.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 1987

마그네슘, 칼슘 및 인삼을 첨가하여 사육한 토끼의 혈청콜레스테롤 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 인삼분말의 급여로 체중증가는 별차가 없었으며 간장의 무게는 상당한 증가를 나타냈다. 2. Total cholesterol은 인삼 4mg을 첨가한 실험군에서 가장 낮았고, 마그네슘과 칼슘이 1:2로 급여한 군에서 낮게 나타났다. 3. Free cholesterol과 cholesterol ester도total cholesterol의 경우와 같이 인삼 4mg을 첨가한 것과 마그네슘과 칼슘을 1:2로 급여한 실험군에서 가장 낮았다. 4. Total cholesterol이 가장 낮은 실험군에서 LDL이 가장 낮았으며, HDL/T-CHOL의 비는 가장 높게 나타났다. 5. Triglyceride와 phospholipid에 있어서는 인삼 첨가로 TG의 양은 점점 감소되었으나 PL의 경우는 상당히 증가되었다. 6. 전해질의 경우는 마그네슘과 칼슘을 1:2로 첨가하고 인상 4mg을 급여한 실험군의 $Na^+$이 120mEq/l, $K^+$이 6.8mEq/l를 보여 인삼이 전해질의 이동에 크게 작용하고 있는 것으로 생각된다. 이상과 같은 결과로 인삼은 토끼의 혈청 전해질의 분포상태와 콜레스테롤의 농도에 영향은 주며, 콜레스테롤 농도를 저하시키는 작용을 함과 동시에 지방질을 감소시키고 인지질은 증가시키는 작용을 하는 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2013

본 연구는 인삼을 칼슘 및 식초에 침지함으로서 인삼 pectins의 칼슘결합(calcium bonding)에 의한 물성변화를 조사하였다. 인삼뿌리의 강도(strength)와 부서짐성(breakdown)은 탄산칼슘 농도의 증가에 따라 증가하였으나 탄산칼슘 0.7~1.0%에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 인삼뿌리의 경도(hardness)는 탄산칼슘 농도 1.0%에서 가장 높았고, 연화정도(softness)는 탄산칼슘 농도 1.0%에서 가장 낮았다. 1% 탄산칼슘을 용해한 식초에 침지한 인삼뿌리의 물성 중 강도, 부서짐성 및 경도는 산도 5%, 6% 칼슘용액에 침지한 인삼뿌리가 60일 이후부터 계속 증가하여 90일경에 높게 나타났다. 연화 정도는 1% 탄산칼슘과 산도 5% 식초에 침지한 인삼뿌리만이 줄어들어 인삼뿌리음료의 장기저장 중 음료가 혼탁해지는 것을 방지할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 골다공증의 예방 차원에서 골밀도와 영양소 섭취 상태 및 운동과의 상관성을 조사하기 위하여 대구 지역 성인 여성 74명을 대상으로 간이식이 조사법과 면접 및 설문지를 이용하여 영양소 섭취 량과 운동량 등을 조사하였으며 이중에너지 방사선 골밀도 측정기 (DEXA)를 이용하여 척추 골밀도를 측정한 연구 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1) 운동군과 비운동군의 각각 에너지 섭취량은 1,921 kcal와 1,733 kcal였고, 평균 일일 칼슘 섭취 량은 각각 652 mg과 635 mg으로 두 군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2) 운동군과 비운동군은 각각 골밀도가 1.16 g $\pm$0.11/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 1.14 g = 0.14$\textrm{cm}^2$이었고, 골무기질 함량 은 각각 49.6 g $\pm$ 7.8, 47.4 g $\pm$ 9.3으로 두 군간에 유의적 인 차이가 없었다. 3) Alkaline phosphatese (ALP)는 운동군이, 비운동군 보다 유의적으로 낮았다 (p < .05) 비운동군에서는 연령과 ALP가 양의 상관관계가 보였으나 운동군에서는 상관성이 없었다. 4) 칼슘 섭취수준에 따라 낮은 25%군과 높은 25%군을 비교하였을 때 높은 25%군의 골밀도는 낮은 25%군 보다 높은 경향을 보였고 골함량은 유의적으로 높았다. 5) ALP는 칼슘섭취가 낮은 25%군이 칼슘섭취가 높은 25%군보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pulpal response against calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide containing various concentration of formocresol (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30%). The experiment was performed on dog's teeth (75 teeth from 5 dogs: Table 1.) and the teeth were routinly treated in laboratory procedures. Followings are the results obtained through microscopical examination. 1. In zinc oxide group, intlammatory reaction was severe in low concentrated formocresol and the (higher the concentration of formocresol the milder the inflammatory reaction was more evident. 2. In zinc oxide group, inflammatory change was milder at 3 weeks than 1 week, and proliferation of young connective tissue was seen at 3 weeks. 3. In calcium hydroxide group, inflammatory change in relation to the concentration of formocresol was not noticeable. 4. In calcium hydroxide group, repair process with decreased inflammatory reaction and fibrosis, and dentin bridge like layer was found at 3 weeks.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.44-55
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• 1997

This study was carried out to find out the relationship between qualities and contraction phenomenon of silk fibers by treatment of concentrated neutral salts. The contraction effects of silk fibers showed the critical point on the treatment conditions of concentration, temperature and time, among three kinds of neutral salts such as calcium nitrate, calcium chloride and lithium bromide. But, The silk fibers, pretreated with bromide and/or formaldehyde, did not show the contraction upon treating with calcium nitrate. This indicates that tyrosine and serine can be correlated with the contraction reaction because of coupling these amino acids with bromide and formaldehyde. In conclusion, a mechanism for the contraction of silk fiber with highly concentrated calcium nitrate solution is supposed as follows. At the initial stage of ration, the water was penetrated into the amorphous regions and fibers swollen, therefore, the contraction took place mainly in amorphous regions, which have plenty of functional groups with hydroxyl residues. Then, as the calcium nitrate is penetrated into the microfibril, the gydrogen bonds of tyrosine and serine residues and broken and crystalline regions are more and more influenced by increasing concentration of calcium nitrate solution. Microgibrils of crystalline regions become entangled, contracted to linear direction and rearranged to form new stable hydrogen bonds.