• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and NH3 emissions from different types of laying hens poultry houses during spring. The concentrations of PM and NH3 were measured three times (2-week intervals; March to May) in Floor-pen-, Aviary-, and Cage-type poultry houses. Overall, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were found to be low from 22:00 to 04:00. The PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in Floor-pen and Cage houses were similar with no significant daily deviation. NH₃ concentrations measured over 24 h at the center and end of Floor-pen house were relatively constant. Irrespective of measurement location, NH₃ concentrations were the lowest in Floor-pen house. Moreover, NH₃ concentrations were higher at the end of Floor-pen and Aviary houses than that at the center; however, lower concentrations of NH₃ were detected at the end of Cage house. The concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 around the poultry houses were 57.5 and 34.0 ㎍/m³, respectively, with the daily average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations (4,730 and 447.7 ㎍/m³, respective) being the highest in Aviary house. The concentrations of NH₃ at the center and end of Cage house were the highest at 12.0 and 9.31 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, in Cage house, the emission factor of NH₃ was the lowest, whereas there was no significant difference on that of NH₃. In conclusion, among the three types of poultry houses assessed, PM (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) concentrations were higher in Aviary house, whereas NH3 concentrations were higher in Cage house.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1990

This studies were conducted to investigate the difference of carcass characteristics between chicken broiler and duck broiler and the carcass characteristics of chicken broiler by sex, rearing type, season and feed and water deprivation with 240 chicken broilers and 20 duck broilers. The results obtained are summerized as follows. 1. The carcass yields were 65.43% in chicken broiler and 66.78% in duck broiler. The abdominal fat pad of chicken broiler was higher than that of duck broiler. 2. There were differences in commercial cuts production percentages between chicken broiler and duck broiler, and the commercial cut of chicken broiler was produced from drumsticks and thighs, breast back, wings and neck in order. 3. Although there was little difference in carcass yields between male and female of broiler, the abdominal fat pad of male broiler was lower than that of female broiler. 4. The carcass yields in cage and floor type were not different, but the abdominal fat pad in cage was slightly higher than that in floor. 5. There was no difference in carcass yields among Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, but the abdominal fat pad was highest in Summer and lowest in Winter. 6. As feed and water deprivation time increased by one hour, live weight was decreased by 0.28365% , and the carcass yield was highest after 6 hours depribated feed and water.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.224-235
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• 2022

Objective: Cage rearing has critical implications for the laying duck industry because it is convenient for feeding and management. However, caging stress is a type of chronic stress that induces maladaptation. Environmental stress responses have been extensively studied, but no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes in plasma metabolites at different stages of caging stress in ducks. We designed this experiment to analyze the effects of caging stress on performance parameters and oxidative stress indexes in ducks. Methods: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was used to determine the changes in metabolites in duck plasma at 5 (CR5), 10 (CR10), and 15 (CR15) days after cage rearing and traditional breeding (TB). The associated pathways of differentially altered metabolites were analyzed using Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Results: The results of this study indicate that caging stress decreased performance parameters, and the plasma total superoxide dismutase levels were increased in the CR10 group compared with the other groups. In addition, 1,431 metabolites were detected. Compared with the TB group, 134, 381, and 190 differentially produced metabolites were identified in the CR5, CR10, and CR15 groups, respectively. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show that the selected components sufficiently distinguish the TB group and CR10 group. KEGG analysis results revealed that the differentially altered metabolites in duck plasma from the CR5 and TB groups were mainly associated with ovarian steroidogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and phenylalanine metabolism. Conclusion: In this study, the production performance, blood indexes, number of metabolites and PCA were compared to determine effect of the caging stress stage on ducks. We inferred from the experimental results that caging-stressed ducks were in the sensitive phase in the first 5 days after caging, caging for approximately 10 days was an important transition phase, and then the duck continually adapted.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2003

Biological characteristics of the almond moth, Cadra cautella, of which eggs will be substitute diets for Orius spp. and Trichogramma spp., were investigated and a mass-rearing system for the moth was developed. At 25$^{\circ}C$, egg, larval, and pupal period was 4.2, 29.8 and 8.3 days, respectively, and adult longevity was 5.8 days for female and 4.8 days for male. Total number of eggs at 20, 25 and 30$^{\circ}C$ was 128.9,207.9 and 139.9, respectively. The moth could be successfully reared with all food substrates tested, of which rice bran (50%)+chick feed (50%) assumed to be proper for massrearing in view of cost. Eggs could be stocked at 9 C for 7 days, representing 82% hatchability. In the rearing cage (16${\times}$24${\times}$9cm) used, 1,000 eggs was better for initial level of inoculation, showing relatively high emergence rate and adult weight. Mass-rearing procedures were explained in detail.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.243-252
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• 1983

This study was undertaken to invesigate the effect of early nutritional deprivation and environment on neurotransmitter concentrations and behavior in later life. The restoring process of rats fed foods ad libitum after 50% restriction of the casein or the Korean diet during the prenatal and/or the lactating periods was observed. There were two rearing conditions, isolated and enriched, after weaning. Behavioral development was measured by the Y- shaped water maze and the open field test. The neurotransmitters were analyzed after sacrifice at the age of 21 weeks. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The body weight impairment by dietary restriction during the prenatal and lactating periods could be restored within 18 weeks after weaning in case of living in a classical cage. The effect of quantitative restriction was bigger in the Korean diet than in the casein diet. 2) The brain weight was decreased by nutritional deprivation. Environmental enrichment increased it slightly. 3) The concentration of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, were not shown any traces of the dietary restriction at the age of 21 weeks. 4) In the maze test, the deprived rats made more errors than the nourished and the rats fed the Korean diet more than those fed the cascin dict. The environmental enrichment could decrease the number of errors. 5) In the open field test, the dietary deprived groups showed less reaction time, more squares entered in the field, and less number of fecal boli than the nourished among the environmentally isolated rats. However, rats living in the enriched cage without experience of nutritional stress showed the lowest emotionality and the elevated exploratory activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.880-885
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• 2014

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of an outdoor-grazed raising model on meat composition, physical properties and sensory attributes of Taiwan game hens. Six hundred 1-d old female chicks were raised on a floor for 8 weeks. On day 57, 600 healthy birds, with similar body weight, were selected and randomly assigned to three treatment groups (cage, floor-pen and free-range). The results showed that different feeding models had no effect on drip loss, cooking loss, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, zinc and calorie contents in breast meat and moisture content in thigh meat. The free-range group had the lowest fat content in both breast and thigh meat, and the lowest calorie content in thigh meat. The firmness and toughness in both thigh and breast of the free-range group were the highest values (p<0.05). The crude protein, total collagen, zinc and iron contents in thigh meat and total collagen content in breast meat of the free-range group were significantly higher than those of the cage-feeding group (p<0.05). The meat sensory scores of flavor, chewiness and overall acceptability of both thigh and breast meat of the free-range group were significantly (p<0.05) better than those of the other two groups. Moreover, the current findings also indicate that the Taiwan game hens of the free-range feeding model displayed well-received carcass traits and meat quality, with higher scores for flavor, chewiness and overall acceptability for greater sensory satisfaction in both breast and thigh meat. In addition, the thigh meat contained high protein and total collage but low fat, offering a healthier diet choice.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2001

Orius strigicollis Poppies is an indigenous natural enemy of thrips pests in Korea To develop an efficient mass rearing system for Ο. strigicollis, effects of hatchability, egg numbers and egg harvesting time of Ο. strigicollis were measured in cylindrical cage (251 ㎤) under the conditions of photoperiod 16L : 8D, $55\pm$10% RH and $25\pm$$2^{\circ}C$. The hatchability and developmental period of eggs were 88.5% and 5.7 days, respectively. The highest emergence rate (50.8%) was achieved when the number of eggs laid was ranged from 50 to 100 per arena. The proper harvesting time of newly produced adults was 17 days postoviposition. Relationship between the number of resulting adults per female and the number of female adults per arena was Y : -10.7971n (X) +44.659 ($R^2$=0.7619). The generation time (T), the net reproductive rate ($R_{0}$ ) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ($r_{m}$ ) were 26.5 days, 6.18 and 0.0687, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2017

To minimize the damage caused by summer season such as high temperature and red tide, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding and starvation on the survival rate, growth, growth restoration and physiological response of red seabream Pagrus major which were reared in marine net cage ($6m{\times}6m{\times}6m$). The feeding group was fed throughout the experiment for 10 weeks, whereas starvation group was not fed for 6 weeks and subsequent refeeding for 4 weeks. Survival rates of feeding and starvation groups were 94.4% and 98.1% respectively. The growth rate of starvation group was significantly lower than feeding group during starvation period, but recovered rapidly after feeding. The nutritional status such as albumin, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride also showed similar tendency to the growth data. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were higher in the feeding group than the starvation group during starvation period. Aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and total cholesterol were rapidly increased at the same time (in 5 week) in feeding group, whereas starvation group did not significant difference during starvation period. It was shown that the feeding group is more sensitive to stress than the starvation group. Thus, starvation can be applied as a rearing management plan of net cage fish farm in summer season.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.157-171
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• 2021

To determine whether the reproductive processes of sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, proceed normally after transportation from an outdoor net-cage into indoor tanks, we examined changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI), histological gonadal tissue, and plasma levels of sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol-17ß) during their annual reproductive cycle. We also measured maturation and spawning across two sea water salinity levels (full and low salinity). Fecundity was estimated by the relationship between egg number and body size in female sea bass. Monthly changes in the GSI, histological gonadal tissues, and oocyte size showed both male and female sea bass reach final maturation in January and February, respectively, indicating that the spermiation of males occurs earlier than the spawning of females. The histological results indicated that the sea bass is a multiple spawner, similar to many marine teleosts, exhibiting group-synchronous oocyte development. Female maturation and spawning were enhanced in lower salinity seawater (29.6-31.0 psu) compared to that of normal salinity (34.5-35.1 psu). These results confirm that sea bass reproduction can occur successfully in captivity and imply that fertilized eggs can be collected from February to March. Additionally, our results show that lower salinity enhances oocyte maturation and spawning of female sea bass.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

Effect of density (30, 40, 65, 90 or 120/cage) of lantern and bottom cages on growth of the ark shell, Scapharca satowi was studied in the Korean west coast from April 2000 to October 2001, when the following range of environmental conditions prevailed : temperature : 4.2 -25.5 $^{\circ}C, salinity : 30.23-32.$15\textperthousand, dissolved oxygen : 5.12-7.16 $ml$/l, pH : 7.84-8.17, phosphate : 0.22-0.56 $\mu $M, dissolved inorganic nitrogen : 3.16-9.10 $\mu $M, suspended solid : 7.6-17.9 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand: 0.46-1.61 mg/l and chlorophyll-a : 0.92-5.93 $\mug/l. Daily growth rate of shell length ranged from 0.066 to 0.071 mm/day for the lantern net cages, and from 0.079 to 0.082 mm/day for the bottom cages. Total weight also ranged from 0.067 to 0.082 g/day in the lantern net cages, as against 0.099 to 0.114 g/day in the bottom cages. Hemoglobin content of S. satowi (55 mm shell length), which was about 3.9 g/dl during february, 2001, increased to 6.0 and 7.0 g/dl during October, 2001 in animals culture in the lantern and bottom cages, respectively. ANOVA test of the growth rate showed that the growth rate of S. satowi, was significantly dependent on rearing density and the tested culture methods (P < 0.0001). The daily growth rate of the shell length was more significantly correlated with water temperature; the growth rate of shell length and total weight showed a tendency decrease with decreasing temperature. In cages suspended at the bottom, not only the increase shell weight but also the meat obtainable from comparable sized S. satowi was greater. Survival decreased with increasing density and was optimal at the density of 30 individual/cage.