• 약학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.343-346
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• 1996

The influence of LB20304a, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic agent, on microflora of caecum in mice was compared with those of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin after administration of drugs for 5 days. Selective medium (CCFMA) was used for the isolation of Clostridium difficile from the specimens of mouse caecum. The emergence of C. difficile in mouse caecum induced by LB20304a was lower than that by ciprofloxacin or piperacillin at day 1 and day 7 after completing administration of drugs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.830-835
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• 2004

An experiment of 10 weeks duration was carried out to study the influence of supplemental effective microorganism (EM) culture, yeast culture and enzymes on nutrient digestibility and gut microflora in rabbit gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Twenty four eight to nine weeks old, New Zealand White rabbits were allotted to four dietary treatments; a basal (control) feed, basal feed supplemented with either EM (1%), yeast culture or enzymes (400 ppm). Nutrient flow in digesta and their digestibility at ileum, caecum, colon and in the total tract as well as gut microflora distribution were studied. Feed dry matter was diluted from 92% to about 14% up to the ileum and about 95% of this water was reabsorbed by the colonic rectal segment followed by caecum (25%). EM and yeast improved protein digestibility at a lower rate than enzymes. Ileal, caecal, colonic and total tract digestibility of crude protein with enzymes were higher by 10.8, 9.4, 11.3 and 10.7%, respectively, as compared to the control. Yeast and enzymes increased crude fiber digestibility at ileum, caecum, colon and in the total tract by 8.5, 9.6, 9.0 and 8.3%, respectively, while EM improved them at a lower rate. Irrespective of treatments, total tract digestibility of crude protein (0.698-0.773) and fiber (0.169-0.183) were greater (p<0.05) than the ileal digestibility. Even though a post-caecal protein digestibility was observed, fiber digestion seemed to be completed in the caecum especially with yeast and enzymes. High precaecal digestibility of crude fiber (97%) and protein (95%) were observed even without additives probably due to caecotrophy. EM and yeast culture promoted the growth of lactic acid bacteria especially in the caecum but they did not influence gut yeast and mould. Present findings reveal that even though rabbits digest nutrients efficiently through hind gut fermentation, they can be further enhanced by EM, yeast and enzymes. Of the three additives tested, enzymes found to be the best.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1288-1295
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• 2009

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of xylanase on performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, microflora and digestive enzyme activities of broilers. The wheat-based diets were supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, 5,000 U/kg xylanase. Xylanase supplementation significantly (p<0.05) improved the feed:gain ratio of broilers from 1 to 21 d and 1 to 42 d. Supplementing 500 U/kg and 1,000 U/kg xylanase improved (p<0.05) the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the small intestine. Excess supplementation of xylanase (5,000 U/kg) increased the villus height in the ileum (p<0.01) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum (p<0.05). The microflora in the ileum and caecum, digestive enzyme activities in the small intestine and the concentrations of serum glucose, uric acid, insulin and IGF-I were not affected by the supplementation of xylanase. Excess level of xylanase (5,000 U/kg) had a tendency to induce the multiplication of E. coli and total aerobes. The results suggested that supplementing 500 U/kg and 1,000 U/kg xylanase was beneficial for broilers and excess xylanase supplementation resulted in no further improvement or negative effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1726-1733
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• 2012

The effect of genotype, fibre level and fibre source on gut morphology, environment and microflora was studied using 18 Mong Cai (MC) and 18 Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire (LY) pigs, aged around 60 d. The diets were based on maize, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal and soybean oil, and cassava residue (CR) or brewer's grain (BG) as fibrous ingredient sources in the high-fibre diets (HF). A low-fibre diet (LF), containing around 200 g NDF/kg dry matter (DM), was formulated without CR and BG as feed ingredients. The HF diets (HF-CR and HF-BG) were formulated to contain around 270 g NDF/kg DM. The experiment was arranged according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial completely randomized design with six replications, and lasted 30 d. Crypt density in ileum was lowest (p<0.05) and villus height in jejunum and ileum were the greatest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-BG. Villus width in ileum was greatest in pigs fed diets HF-CR and HF-BG (p<0.05). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts in stomach were greatest (p<0.05) and E. coli counts in ileum and colon were lowest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-CR. The concentration of total organic acids in ileum, caecum and colon were greatest (p<0.05), and pH in ileum and colon were lowest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-CR. Crypt density in ileum was lowest, and villus height in ileum and villus width in jejunum and ileum was greatest in LY pigs (p<0.05). LAB counts in stomach and ileum were greatest, and E. coli counts in ileum were lowest in MC pigs (p<0.05). The concentration of total organic acids in ileum, caecum and colon were greatest (p<0.05) and pH lowest (p<0.05) in MC pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.827-839
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• 2015

A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1282-1287
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of xylanase on net energy for production, performance, nutrient digestion and gut microflora of broilers fed corn/soy-based diet. Eighty-four day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to two groups receiving two treatments, respectively. Each treatment had six replicate cages with seven broilers per cage. The diets were based on corn and soybean. The treatments were: i) basal diet reduced in apparent metabolizable energy (-0.63 MJ/kg compared to commercial diet specifications); ii) basal diet supplemented xylanase at 4,000 u/kg feed. The experiment used the auto-control, open circuit respiration calorimetry apparatus to examine the heat production and net energy for production. The results revealed that xylanase supplementation did not affect growth performance and diet AME value, but increased $NE_p$ value by 18.2% (p<0.05) and decreased daily heat production per $kg^{0.75}$ by 31.7% (p<0.05). There was no effect (p>0.05) of xylanase supplementation on the ileal digestibility of N and hemicelluloses, but the ileum digestibility of energy was increased by 2% by xylanase supplementation (p<0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased (p<0.05) the count of lactobacillus and bifidobacterial in the caecum.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.539-555
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• 2009

본 연구는 브로일러 사료 내 항생물질을 대체하기 위한 천연항균성장촉진제로서 국산 돼지감자로부터 추출, 제조한 미세캡슐화, 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 첨가에 따른 성장능력, 혈액 면역물질 및 맹장 미생물 변화를 조사하였다. 로스계통(Ross 308)의 성감별을 실시한 수컷 브로일러 240수를 4처리구$\times$3반복(반복 펜 당 20수)으로 완전임의 배치하였다. 브로일러는 기본사료(T1: 대조구), 항생제(T2: Chlorotetra cycline, CTC 0.1%), 이눌로프리바이오틱스 300ppm(T3), 이눌로프리바이오틱스 450ppm(T4) 함유사료를 각각 35일 동안 섭취하였다. 브로일러의 체중 및 도체율은 이눌로프리바이오틱스를 섭취한 처리구(T3, T4)가 대조구 (T1) 및 항생제(T2) 함유사료를 섭취한 처리구에 비해서 높았으며 통계적인 유의차(P<0.05)가 인정되었다. 브로일러의 도체중에 대한 비율로서 나타낸 닭 가슴살 및 다리살의 무게 비율은 T3, T4가 T1, T2에 비해서 높았으며 통계적인 유의차(P<0.05)가 인정되었다. 복강지방 무게는 T3, T4가 T2, T1에 비해서 유의하게(P<0.05) 감소경향을 나타냈다. 혈액 면역물질 IgG는 T3, T4가 T1, T2와 비교할 때 유의하게(P<0.05) 증가하였다. 생체중에 대한 비율로서 나타낸 면역기관 흉선, F낭의 무게 비율은 T3, T4가 T1, T2에 비해서 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 장내 유익한 bifidobacteria와 Lactobacillus는 T3, T4가 T1, T2에 비해서 높았으나 유해한 E. coli와 Salmonella는 오히려 낮게 나타났으며 통계적인 유의차(P<0.05)가 인정되었다. 본 연구에서 나타난 중요한 점은 유기축산 사료용 항생제 대체 물질로써 이눌로프리바이오틱스 300ppm 수준을 브로일러 사료에 첨가 급여해 줌으로서 브로일러의 생산성을 크게 향상시킬 수 있다는 사실이었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.684-692
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• 2011

본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력을 촉진하기 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준을 결정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 부화 당일 로스계통(Ross 308)의 브로일러 수컷 320수를 4개의 처리구로 완전임의배치하여 35일 동안 사육하였다. 실험처리구는 대조구(무첨가구), 항생제 첨가구(avilamycin 8 ppm), 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm 첨가구 및 이눌로프리바이오틱스 250 ppm 첨가구로 구분하였다. 브로일러의 체중과 사료섭취량은 두개의 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구 보다도 높았고, 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 높았으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 전체 실험기간 동안 사료요구율은 대조구가 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았으나 항생제 첨가구와 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구 사이의 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 도체중, 도체율, 가슴살, 다리살의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 높았고, 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm, 250 ppm 첨가구 사이의 차이는 없었으나 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 유의하게 높았다. 복강지방은 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 유의하게 감소(19.08~23.30%)하였으며 혈액 면역물질과 흉선, F낭의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 장내 유익한 Bifidobacteria와 Lactobacillu는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였으나 유해한 E. coli와 Salmonella는 그 반대로 나타났으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력 향상을 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준은 200 ppm에서 결정될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1461-1478
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• 2022

The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex depending on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to antibiotic resistance or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interacts and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus, in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this review article, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.