• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 4가지의 다른 형태의 팔걸이를 이용하여 상지의 움직임을 제한하였을 때, 보행양상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 기능적인 보행을 획득하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것이다. 건강한 성인 남녀20명을 대상으로 미착용 상태와 단일 끈형, 해리스 편측형, 뇌졸중용, 로리안 상완 커프형 팔걸이를 착용한 상태에서 무작위 순으로 GAITRite system을 통해 보행평가를 시행하였다. 팔걸이를 착용한 동측 하지의 보장에서 유의한 결과를 나타냈다(p=.002). 팔걸이를 착용하지 않았을 때보다 해리스 편측형 착용시에 팔걸이를 착용한 동측 하지의 보장이 감소되었다(p=.001). 신전형 팔걸이인 로리안 상완 커프형 착용시에 해리스 편측형 착용 시에 비해 동측 하지의 보장이 증가되었다(p=.01). 보행속도, 유각기, 단하지 지지기, 분속수에서는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 없었다. 앞으로의 연구에서는 팔걸이를 착용하는 환자들에게 나타나는 보행변화에 대한 연구와 기능적인 보행패턴을 획득하기 위한 운동학적 측면의 연구가 이루어 져야 할 것이다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권5A호
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• pp.554-565
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 단일 클락 사이클과 다중 클락 사이클에 수행되는 여러 가산기를 구현하고 area와 time을 비교한다. 가산기의 크기를 64, 128, 256-비트로 다양화 시키면서, 특히 하이브리드 구조의 가산기는 소그룹을 4, 8, 16-비트로 나누어서 group / ungroup으로 합성을 하여 비교하였다. 제안된 가산기들은 Verilog-HDL을 이용하여 하향식 설계 방법으로 구현되었다. Cadence의 Verilog-XL.을 이용하여 설계된 가산기와 behavioral model을 이용한 가산기의 출력이 일치하는지를 비교하여 검증하였다. 검증된 모델은 삼성 0.35um 3.3(V) CMOS standard cell 라이브러리를 이용하여 합성되었으며, 최악 조건 2.7(V), 85($^{\circ}C$)에서 동작하였다. 스마트 카드 IC의 Crypto-Processor에 사용할 수 있는 최적화된 가산기는 64-비트를 기준으로 할 때, group으로 합성된 16-비트 캐리 예측 가산기를 기반으로 하는 리플 캐리 가산기(RCA_CLA)이다. 이 가산기는 198(MHz)의 속도로 동작하며, 게이트 수는 nand2 게이트 기준으로 약 967개이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.2788-2794
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• 2013

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자에게 지역사회 보행 훈련과 트레드밀 보행 훈련이 보행 능력과 뇌졸중 영향 척도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 연구에는 총 22명의 뇌졸중 환자가 참여하였으며, 대상자들은 무작위 추출법으로 지역사회 보행 훈련군 11명과 트레드밀 보행 훈련군 11명으로 각각 배정되었다. 모든 대상자들은 전통적 물리치료를 6주 동안 주 5회, 하루 30분씩 시행하였으며, 지역사회 보행 훈련과 트레드밀 보행 훈련을 하루에 30분씩 각각 추가적으로 실시하였다. 연구 결과 지역사회 보행 훈련군이 트레드밀 보행 훈련군에 비해 보행 속도와 분속수, 뇌졸중 영향 척도에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 이것은 지역사회 보행 훈련이 트레드밀 보행 훈련에 비해 뇌졸중 환자의 보행 능력과 뇌졸중 영향 척도에 유익한 영향을 준 것이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 지역사회 보행 훈련은 뇌졸중 환자에게 실행 가능하며 적합한 훈련이 될 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to review the validation on the application of low frequency IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors by replacing high frequency motion analysis systems. Using an infrared-based 3D motion analysis system and IMU sensors (22 Hz) simultaneously, the gait cycle and knee flexion angle were measured. And the accuracy of each gait parameter was compared according to the statistical analysis method. The Bland-Altman plot analysis method was used to verify whether proper accuracy can be obtained when extracting gait parameters with low frequency sensors. As a result of the study, the use of the new gait assessment system was able to identify adequate accuracy in the measurement of cadence and stance phase. In addition, if the number of gait cycles is increased and the results of body anthropometric measurements are reflected in the gait analysis algorithm, is expected to improve accuracy in step length, walking speed, and range of motion measurements. The suggested gait assessment system is expected to make gait analysis more convenient. Furthermore, it will provide patients more accurate assessment and customized rehabilitation program through the quantitative data driven results.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

The ionosphere has been monitored by ionosondes for over five decades since the 1960s in Korea. An ionosonde typically produces an ionogram that displays radio echoes in the frequency-range plane. The trace of echoes in the plane can be read either manually or automatically to derive useful ionospheric parameters such as foF2 (peak frequency of the F2 layer) and hmF2 (peak height of the F2 layer). Monitoring of the ionosphere should be routinely performed in a given time cadence, and thus, automatic scaling of an ionogram is generally executed to obtain ionospheric parameters. However, an auto-scaling program can generate undesirable results that significantly misrepresent the ionosphere. In order to verify the degree of misrepresentation by an auto-scaling program, we performed manual scaling of all 35,136 ionograms measured at Jeju ($33.43^{\circ}N$, $126.30^{\circ}E$) throughout 2012. We compared our manually scaled parameters (foF2 and hmF2) with auto-scaled parameters that were obtained via the ARTIST5002 program. We classified five cases in terms of the erroneous scaling performed by the program. The results of the comparison indicate that the average differences with respect to foF2 and hmF2 between the two methods approximately correspond to 0.03 MHz and 4.1 km, respectively with corresponding standard deviations of 0.12 MHz and 9.58 km. Overall, 36 % of the auto-scaled results differ from the manually scaled results by the first decimal number. Therefore, future studies should be aware of the quality of auto-scaled parameters obtained via ARTIST5002. Hence, the results of the study recommend the use of manually scaled parameters (if available) for any serious applications.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to present the basic reference data of age and specipic gait parameters for Hemiplegia Patients. The basic gait parameters were extracted from 30 Adult Hemiplegia Patients and 30 normal adult, 50 to 60 years of age using VICON 512 Motion Analyzer. The results were as follows; 1) The mean Cadence of the adult to the hemiplegia were $108.50\pm11.67$ steps/min, to $77.57\pm22.71$ steps/min. 2) The mean Walking Speed of the adult to the hemiplegia were $1.07\pm0.18m/s$, to $0.44\pm0.14m/s.$. 3) The mean Stride Length of the adult to the hemiplegia were $1.17\pm0.12m$, to $0.69\pm0.21m.$ 4) The mean maximal angles of joint on the pelvic tilt for different adult or hemiplegia Were $7.60\pm3.91.,\;to\;9.63\pm4.94.\;(P<0.05)$ 5) The mean maximal angles of joint on the hip flexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $29.53\pm5.03.,\;to\;25.30\pm9.94.\;(p<0.05)$ 6) The mean maximal angles of joint on the knee flexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $56.36\pm5.81.,\;to\; 41.64\pm17.21.(P<0.05)$ 7) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle dorsiflexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $16.65\pm2.72.,\;to\;16.53\pm7.45$(P>0.05) 8) The mean maximal angles of joint on the ankle plantarflexion motion for different adult or hemiplegia were $7.11\pm5.42.,\;to\;2.81\pm6.14.$(p<0.05)

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to establish reference data for temporo-spatial, kinematic and kinetic parameters for normal Koreans as they age. Methods: Normal adults and children without a previous history of musculoskeletal problems were enrolled in this study. The normal subjects were divided by age into three groups: Group I: children ($11.95{\pm}0.29$ years); Group II: young adults ($23.90{\pm}3.67$ years); Group III: older adults ($71.40{\pm}4.08$ years). The temporo-spatial and kinematic data were measured using 6 MX3 cameras while each subject walked through a 10 m walkway at a self-selected speed. The kinetic data were measured using 2 force plates and were calculated by inverse dynamics. Results: Motion patterns are typically associated with a specific phase of the gait cycle. Our results were as follows: 1. There were significant differences between the different age groups in temporo-spatial parameters such as cadence, double support, time of foot off, stride length, step length, and walking speed. 2. There were significant differences between the groups in kinematic parameters such as range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal plane, ROM of the pelvis, hip and knee in the coronal plane and ROM of the pelvis, hip and ankle in the transverse plane. 3. There were significant differences between the groups in kinetic parameters such as joint moments of force, joint mechanical power generation or absorption and ground reaction forces. Conclusion: The results of this study can be utilized (a) as a reference for kinematic and kinetic data of gait analysis in normal Koreans, and (b) as an aide in evaluating and treating patients who have problems relating to gait.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2016

Objective: This study evaluated the vertical and horizontal forces in the frontal plane acting on a pedal due to the vertical alignment of the lower limbs. Method: Seven male subjects (age: $25.3{\pm} 0.8years$, height: $175.4{\pm}4.7cm$, weight: $74.7{\pm}14.2kg$, foot size: $262.9{\pm}7.6mm$) participated in two 2-minute cycle pedaling tests, with the same load and cadence (60 revolutions per minute) across all subjects. The subject's saddle height was determined by the height when the knee was at $25^{\circ}$ flexion when the pedal crank was at the 6 o'clock position (knee angle method). The horizontal force acting on the pedal, vertical force acting on the pedal in the frontal plane, ratio of the two forces, and knee range of motion in the frontal plane were calculated for four pedaling phases (phase 1: $330{\sim}30^{\circ}$, phase 2: $30{\sim}150^{\circ}$, phase 3: $150{\sim}210^{\circ}$, phase 4: $210{\sim}330^{\circ}$) and the complete pedaling cycle. Results: The range of motion of the knee in the frontal plane was decreased, and the ratio of vertical force to horizontal force and overall pedal force in the complete cycle were increased after vertical alignment. Conclusion: The ratio of vertical force to horizontal force in the frontal plane may be used as an injury prevention index of the lower limb.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2015

PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that healthy young adults reduced gait velocity during texting or talking while walking. It was reported that increasing number of pedestrian accidents were related to distract the environmental attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of texting and texting while listening to music on gait parameters. METHODS: Texting and listening to music while walking were assessed in two dual-task condition using 35 healthy young adults. The outcome measurements were assessed in terms of spatiotemporal gait parameters in three walking conditions, namely, comfortable walking speed, walking while texting, and walking while texting and listening to music. To avoid learning effect, subjects were individually blinded to assessment schedule and space. The changes between the three walking conditions were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: When comparing the two dual-task conditions with the single-task condition, it was found that dual-task interference was increased in almost gait velocity, cadence, stride length, step time, double limb support, and single limb support. In addition, walking while texting and listening to music condition negatively was affected gait speed, stride length, and step time more than the texting only condition. CONCLUSION: Walking while texting and listening to music as well as waling while texting may decrease pedestrian safety when crossing streets by diverting the person's attention away from the street environment.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to compare muscle structure, balance, and gait parameters between healthy adults and persons with stroke and to analyze the correlation among these variables. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty persons with stroke (11 male, 9 female) and twenty healthy participants (9 male, 11 female) were included. Ultrasound images of the triceps surae and the tibialis anterior were acquired in sitting resting, sitting co-contraction, and standing resting positions and also during the functional reach test (FRT) and single leg anterior reaching test (SLART). Muscle thickness and fascicle length were measured. Spatiotemporal parameters of gait were measured using a pressure walkway. Gait speed, cadence, step length, stride length, stance time, and swing time were measured. Results: Changes in percent fascicle length were significantly greater in the gastrocnemius and soleus (SOL) muscles of healthy adults in the sitting co-contraction position (p<0.05). The percent fascicle length of the SOL in FRT and SLART were significantly greater in healthy adults (p<0.05). The mid-stance phase of stroke patients was shorter than healthy adults (p<0.05). A negative correlation was observed between percent fascicle length of the SOL in the sitting co-contraction position and the proportion of the mid-stance phase (p<0.05). Conclusions: The function of the triceps surae is affected in persons with stroke when compared with healthy adults. This can lead to difficulty in performing tasks that involve forward transfer of weight. If the triceps surae is not sufficiently secured, the possibility of compensation in the stance phase increases during gait.