• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2014

Objectives : Investigation of the antidepressant effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) through the anti-inflammatory effect. Methods : Depression in rats was induced by LPS (i,p.3days). The rats were treated with GR100 mg/kg (GR 100) or GR400 mg/kg (GR 400). The depressive immobility was examined with Tail Suspension Test(TST) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). The expression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, $I{\kappa}B$ was measured with western blotting. The concentration of corticosterone, cytokine in plasma was measured with ELISA. The expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the locus coeluleus(LC) were measured with immunostaining method. Results : In the TST, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time compared with the LPS group. In the FST, GR100, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time comparing with the LPS group. c-Fos expression in GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the lipoplysaccharide(LPS) group. The $I{\kappa}B$ expression of GR100 and GR400 group was increased comparing with the LPS group. The level of corticosterone of GR100 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. The concentration of cytokine of GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. TH expression in the LC was increased in LPS group, but in GR100 and GR400 group was not shown significant decrease. Conclusion : According to this results obtained, GR has antidepressant effects by the anti inflammatory action through the suppression of HPA axis activity, not through the action against the catecholaminergic system.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2013

Objective : Morus alba Linne Root Bark (MRAL) is a medicinal herb in Korean Medicine, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. However, its mechanisms of action and the cellular targets have not yet been found and the study was developed to investigate the allergic suppressive effect of MRAL. The purpose of this study is to investigate the allergic suppressive effects of MRAL on activation of MC/9 mast cells. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of MRAL (50, 100, 200, 400 ${\mu}g/mL$) on MC/9 mast cells measured using EZ-Cytox cell viability assay kit (WST reagent). The levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 mRNA expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR respectively. The expression of transcription factors such as GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding activity were measured by western blot and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results : Our results indicated that MRAL (50 ${\mu}g/mL$, 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited PMA/Ionomycin-induced production of IL-5 and IL-13 and the expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 mRNA in MC/9 mast cells. Moreover, MRAL (50 ${\mu}g/mL$, 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) inhibited PMA/Ionomycin-induced GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos protein expression and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding activity in MC/9 mast cells. Conclusions : In conclusion, we suspect the anti-allergenic activities of MRAL, may be related to the regulation of transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding assay causing inhibition of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in mast cells.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.11.1-11.14
• /
• 2023

Background: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are commonly used to assess in vitro immune responses. However, PBMC isolation is a time-consuming procedure, introduces technical variability, and requires a relatively large volume of blood. By contrast, whole blood assay (WBA) is faster, cheaper, maintains more physiological conditions, and requires less sample volume, laboratory training, and equipment. Objectives: Herein, this study aimed to develop a porcine WBA for in vitro evaluation of immune responses. Methods: Heparinized whole blood (WB) was diluted (non-diluted, 1/2, 1/8, and 1/16) in RPMI-1640 media, followed by phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. After 24 h, cells were stained for interferon (IFN)-γ secreting T-cells followed by flow cytometry, and the supernatant was analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, diluted WB was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), reference strain KCTC3557 (RS), field isolate (FI), of heat-killed (HK) Streptococcus suis, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Results: The frequency of IFN-γ⁺CD3⁺ T-cells and concentration of TNF-α in the supernatant of WB increased with increasing dilution factor and were optimal at 1/8. WB TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine levels increased significantly following stimulation with LPS or poly I:C. Further, FI and RS induced IL-10 production in WB. Additionally, PRRSV strains increased the frequency of IFN-γ⁺ CD4^-CD8⁺ cells, and IFN-γ was non-significantly induced in the supernatant of re-stimulated samples. Conclusions: We propose that the WBA is a rapid, reliable, and simple method to evaluate immune responses and WB should be diluted to trigger immune cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.229-237
• /
• 2024

Cough is a common symptom of several respiratory diseases. However, frequent coughing from acute to chronic often causes great pain to patients. It may turn into cough variant asthma, which seriously affects people's quality of life. For cough treatment, it is dominated by over-the-counter antitussive drugs, such as asmeton, but most currently available antitussive drugs have serious side effects. Thus, there is a great need for the development of new drugs with potent cough suppressant. BALB/c mice were used to construct mice model with cough to investigate the pharmacological effects of pectolinarigenin (PEC). Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining were used to assess lung injury and airway remodeling, and ELISA was used to assess the level of inflammatory factor release. In addition, inflammatory cell counts were measured to assess airway inflammation. Airway hyperresponsiveness assay was used to assess respiratory resistance in mice. Finally, we used Western blotting to explore the potential mechanisms of PEC. We found that PEC could alleviate lung tissue injury and reduce the release of inflammatory factors, inhibit of cough frequency and airway wall collagen deposition in mice model with cough. Meanwhile, PEC inhibited the Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway to exhibit antitussive effect. Therefore, PEC may be a potential drug for cough suppression.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2010

Objective : Oriental medicines have been combined oriental medical theory which based on the seven modes of emotions. Notopterygium incisum (N. incisum) and Clematis manshurica (C. manshurica) have been used as an anti-rheumatic and analgesic medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, headache, cold, etc. In this study, we evaluate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of N. incisum and C. manshurica. Method : To evaluate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of a herbal mixture N. incisum and C. manshurica, we examined the changed ear thickness in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model after topical application of herbal mixture. In addition, the levels of markers for inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, prostaglandin $G_2$ ($PGE_2$), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by ELISA assay and Griess reagent in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Results : Our results showed that aqueous extracts of N. incisum and C. manshurica combination significantly inhibited the mouse ear edema induced by TPA. Moreover, the aqueous extracts of N. incisum and C. manshurica combination exhibited synergistic effects in down-regulating TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, $PGE_2$ level, but not NO. Conclusions : This study suggested that combined treatment of N. incisum and C. manshurica, based on seven methods in prescription compatibility, has a synergistic effect in down-regulating inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo models.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권24호
• /
• pp.10697-10703
• /
• 2015

The laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors occurring in the head and neck. Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis induce ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL-receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, DcR2) are known as important members of TRAIL-mediated biochemical signaling pathway. Associations between polymorphisms in these genes and clinicopathological characteristics of human laryngeal carcinoma are not well defined. This study therefore aimed to investigate a possible relationship among the TRAIL and TRAIL-DR4 polymorphisms and sTRAIL levels in the risk or progression of LSCC. A total of 99 patients with laryngeal cancer and 120 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. DR4 C626G and TRAIL 1595 C/T genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and sTRAIL levels were measured by ELISA. There were significant differences in the distribution of DR4 C626G genotypes and frequencies of the alleles between laryngeal cancer patients and controls (p<0.001) but not in TRAIL 1595 C/T. We found the increased frequency of the DR4 C626G homozygote CC genotype in patients than in controls (p<0.001). Haplotype analysis revealed that there was also a statistically significant relationship between TRAIL and TRAIL-DR4 polymorphisms and laryngeal cancer. Serum sTRAIL levels in the laryngeal patients with CC genotype who had advanced tumour stage were lower than those of patients with early tumor stage (p=0.014). Our findings suggest that DR4 C626G genotypes and sTRAIL levels might be associated with progression of laryngeal cancer in the Turkish population.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.454-458
• /
• 2003

목 적 : 신생아 로타바이러스 위장염의 빈도는 영유아와는 달리 계절적 유행 없이 일정하게 발생하며 임상 증상은 다양하여 무증상에서부터 구토, 설사 및 발열 드물게는 괴사성 장염과 출혈성 위장염 등을 나타낸다. 저자들은 건강한 만삭 신생아에서의 로타바이러스 원내 감염과 그 관련 요소에 대해 연구하였으며 본원에서 발생한 정상 신생아실의 만삭아에서 수유 및 분만 방법에 따른 증상의 빈도를 비교하여 이들의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2001년 1월부터 6월까지 동국대학교병원에서 출생한 생후 7일 이내의 건강한 만삭 신생아 총 348명 중 증상을 보인 환아를 대상으로 시행한 변 rotazyme 검사에서 양성으로 확진된 환아 총 152례를 대상으로 연구하였으며 환아에 대한 각각의 항목은 병력지를 통하여 검토되었다. 환아 중 패혈증이나 뇌수막염, 요로 감염, 위식도 역류 및 황달 등이 있는 환아는 본 연구에서 제외되었다. 분만 방법은 정상 질식분만과 제왕절개술, 수유 방법은 모유와 분유로 구분해서 조사하였다. 분만 방법 및 수유 방법에 따른 로타바이러스 장염 신생아의 증상, 증상 기간에 대한 유의성을 통계적 Chi-square testd와 Fisher's exact test 및 Multiple logistic regression analysis로 검정하였으며 P<0.05인 경우를 유의 하다고 판정하였다. 결 과: 2001년 1월부터 6월까지 정상 만삭 출생아 중 입원 환아를 제외한 총 348명 중에서 로타바이러스 장염으로 확진 된 환아는 총 152명(43.7%)이었고, 그 중 남아는 95명(62.5%), 여아는 57명(37.5%)이었다. 체중이 2,500 g 이상이 149명(98.0%)이었고 모유 수유아는 97명(63.8%), 분유 수유아는 55명(36.2%)였고 분만 방법에서 정상 질식분만아는 22명(14.5%), 제왕절개아는 130명(85.5%)이었다. 증상은 미열이 51.3%로 가장 많았으며, 그 외 설사(40.8%), 복부 팽만(38.8%), 구토(35.5%) 등의 순 이었다. 증상 시작일이 생후 3-4일 이내인 경우가 134명(88.2%)이었으며 18명(11.8%)은 생후 5-7일째 증상이 나타났다. 증상 기간은 3일 이내인 경우가 120명(78.9%), 4-6일이 29명(19.1%), 7일 이상이 3명(2.0%)이었다. 모유 수유아에서 로타바이러스 장염의 증상의 빈도가 낮았고 분만 방법과 관련해서는 정상 질식 분만한 모유 수유아/분유 수유아에서 설사 11.1/84.6%, 수유 부진 22.2/69.2%, 체중 증가 지연 22.2/76.9%로 모유 수유아에서 증상 발현 빈도가 낮았고, 제왕절개분만 한 모유 수유아/분유 수유아에서는 정상 질식분만 한 환아에서와는 다르게 설사증상의 빈도는 차이가 없었으나 미열 45.5/66.7%, 복부 팽만 29.5/50.0%, 구토 31.8/60.9%, 체중 증가 지연 8.0/52.4%, 수유 부진 4.5/26.2%, 탈수 2.3/14.3%, 보챔 5.7/26.2%로 모유 수유아에서 증상의 빈도가 전반적으로 낮게 나타났으며 이는 통계적으로 유의성을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 로타바이러스 장염에 이환된 건강 만삭아의 분만 방법 및 수유 방법에 따른 로타바이러스 장염의 증상 차이에 대한 연구에서 모유 수유아에서 증상 발현빈도가 분유 수유아 보다 낮게 나타났다. 그러므로 모유 수유가 분유 수유보다 로타바이러스 장염의 증상을 완화시킬 수 있다고 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.2053-2058
• /
• 2013

Background: Formation of new blood vessels is necessary for the development and spread of neoplasms more than 1 mm3 in volume, angiogenesis being responsible for formation of new from pre-existing blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is pivotal and the best studied angiogenic factor in all human cancers. Therefore we designed this study to investigate the role of VEGF-A and VEGF-C in prostate cancer in comparison with BPH controls in a north Indian population. Methods: In this case-control study a total of 100 subjects were included on the basis of confirmed histopathological reports, out of which 50 were prostate cancer patients and the other 50 were BPH patients with PSA levels >2 ng/ml and abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings during September 2009 to August 2011 from the Department of Urology, KGMU, Lucknow, India. Plasma levels of VEGF were determined using quantitative immunoassay (ELISA-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 15.0 version. Results: The mean age of prostate cancer ($67.6{\pm}5.72$) patients was significantly higher (p=0.005) than BPH ($63.6{\pm}7.92$) patients. Expression of VEGF-A was not significantly higher in disease stage C1 than D1 or D2 and A or B (p=0.13) while the level of VEGF-A was significantly higher (p=0.04) in prostate cancer as compared to BPH subjects (PCa=13.0 pg/ml, BPH=6.8 pg/ml). Levels of VEGF-C were similar in both groups (PCa=832.6 pg/ml, BPH=823.7 pg/ml). In ROC curve, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.60-0.80) and the cut-off value for which a higher proportion of patients was correctly classified (20%) was 26.0 pg/mL. Conclusion: Although VEGF-A is increased in cancer prostate patients a statistically significant correlation could not be established in this study. VEGF-C was not found to be a useful biomarker.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.1444-1450
• /
• 2009

본 연구를 통해 BALB/c 마우스에서 quercetin의 경구투여가 PCL로 유도된 접촉성 피부 알레르기의 예방에 미치는 효과에 대해 알아보았다. Quercetin을 투여 농도에 따라 대조군(0 mg/kg), 저용량군(50 mg/kg), 고용량군(100 mg/kg)으로 나누고 8일에 걸쳐 총 8번 경구투여를 실시한 후 알레르기 유발물질인 PCL을 마우스의 양쪽 귀에 감작시켜 접촉성 피부 알레르기를 유발 시켰다. Quercetin의 투여 농도별 ear swelling 변화를 확인한 결과 quercetin을 투여하지 않은 대조군에 비해 quercetin을 투여한 군의 ear swelling 증가폭이 낮게 나타났고, 100 mg/kg (고용량군)에서 농도 유의적으로 ear swelling의 증가폭이 현저히 낮게 나타났다. Quercetin의 투여 농도에 따른 혈청 내 염증성 매개 물질의 농도 변화를 알아보기 위한 IgE 및 histamine level 측정 결과에서 quercetin을 투여하지 않은 대조군에 비해 quercetin을 투여한 50 mg/kg (저용량군), 100 mg/kg (고용량군)에서 낮은 수준의 IgE, histamine 수치가 나왔다. H&E염색과 Toluidine blue stain을 통한 조직병리학적 검사결과에서 quercetin을 투여한 고용량군의 귀 두께가 대조군에 비해 얇게 관찰되었고, 비만세포의 유무를 알아보기 위한 Toluidine blue stain의 결과 대조군에 비해 고용량군에서 적은 수의 비만세포들이 관찰되었다. 따라서 ear swelling과 IgE, histamine level, 조직병리학적 결과를 종합해 봤을 때 식물성 flavonoid 성분인 quercetin은 접촉성 피부 알레르기의 예방에 상당한 효과가 있다고 판단되며, 부작용이 발생하는 기존의 치료제를 대체할 수 있는 후보 물질로써 중요한 가치가 있다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.716-722
• /
• 2005

Carcass weight and backfat thickness are primary yield grading factors. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/-II, transforming growth factor $\beta$1 (TGF-$\beta$1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells including adipocytes. Also, interleukin (IL)-2/-6, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) are known to be related to muscle growth and fat depth. However, the relationships between endocrine factors and carcass grade have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the concentrations of endocrine factors in serum and muscle, and to investigate the relationship of endocrine factors with carcass grade. A total of 60 crossbred gilts (Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) were used. Blood from the jugular vein was collected at antemortem (7 days before slaughter) and postmortem periods, and M. Longissimus was collected at 45 min and 24 h after slaughter. The concentrations of IGF-I/-II, EGF, TGF-$\beta$1, IL-2/-6, cortisol and DHEA-S were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In general, IGF and EGF concentrations in serum and muscle of grade A carcasses were found to be higher than those of grade C carcasses at antemortem and postmortem periods, whereas the pattern of TGF-$\beta$1 concentration was reversed. In particular, the concentrations of muscle IGF-I (24 h postmortem) and serum TGF-$\beta$1 (antemortem) were significantly different between grades A and C (p<0.05). The present results indicate that serum and muscle growth factors affect carcass weight and backfat thickness, and indirectly suggest the possibility that carcass grade could be predicted by expression of serum and/or muscle growth factors.