• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2003

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3(GLRaV-3) is one of the most severe pathogens for viral diseases found in Korea. This study was conducted to establish the virus-free stock production system for the virus disease control. The effects of thermotherapy, merestem culture and chemotheratpy to eliminate the GLRaV-3 in gratevines were tested. Thermotherapy at 37$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ for 6∼8 weeks combined with 0.5∼1.0mm size of meristem culture method was the most effective for virus elimination. Thermotherapy alone was not effective. In chemotheratpy, DHT and Amantadine (20, 40mg/L) treatment in medium was more effective than Ribavirin to eliminate the GLRaV-3 in grapevine. However, Ribavirin spraying to potted was not available for virus elimination. Therefore, virus-free stock production system using the thermotherapy combined with shoot apical meristem culture was the most effective in grapevine.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2009

Codonopsis lanceolatae have been used as one of the traditional remedies as well as food source. We previously reported that in vitro supplementation of Codonopsis lanceolatae water extracts enhanced the splenocytes proliferation compared to the control group. This study, the combined immunomodulative effect of water extract Codonopsis lanceolatae was Seven to eight weeks old mice(balb/c) was fed ad libitum on chow diet and water extract of Codonopsis lanceolatae was orally administrated every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations(50 and 500 mg/kg B.W.). The production of cytokine(IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$), secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or not, were detected by ELISA assay using the cytokine kit. The result of ex vivo study showed that the IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ was detected at 500 mg/kg B.W. supplementation group with LPS stimulation in all cases. Also, ratio of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-10 was the range of 3${\sim}$7 with mitogen stimulation such as Con A and LPS. In conclusion, this study suggests that Codonopsis lanceolatae extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the cytokine(IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$) prodution capacity by activated macrophages in mice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6441-6446
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• 2012

Background: Radiation therapy plays an important role in lung carcinoma treatment. However, the incidence of symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury is high. This study aimed to evaluate radioprotective effects of flavonoids extracted from Astragalus complanatus and mechanisms of action against radiation damage. Methods: Alteration in antioxidant status and levles of several cytokines were investigated in BABL/C mice treated with 4 mg/kg b.wt. flavonoids after exposure to 10Gy thoracic radiation. Results: Serum levels of SOD in the flavonoids+radiation group were significantly higher compared to the radiation control group, while TGF-${\beta}1$ and IL-6 were lower. Mice in the radiation control group displayed more severe lung damage compared with the flavonoids+radiation group. The expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the radiation control group was markedly increased in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages of the alveolar septum. Conclusions: From the results of the present study, flavonoids could be excellent candidates as protective agents against radiation-induced lung injury.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.249-251
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• 2006

Human cysticercosis is an infestation with C. cellulosae, the larval stage of the tapeworm T. solium. It prevails in regions of poverty and where personal hygiene is poor. They can lodge in almost any tissue, but cysticerci are most frequently found in brain, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissues. We experienced a 41-year old male with $5{\times}12cm$ sized movable non tender brownish hard mass at lateral abdominal wall. The laboratory study didn't show any specific symptoms except peripheral blood eosinophilia and positive parasite ELISA screen for cysticercosis. The ultrasonogram revealed multiple ill-defined mixed echoic inflamatory lesion. Excisied cyst showed multiple severe foul-odor gelatinous subcutaneous mass. Microscopic examination disclosed necrotic body with foreign body reaction, massive eosinophilia and dead parasitic organism, compatible with cysticercosis. There was no evidence of recurrence during 12 months follow-up.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.410-417
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• 2013

In 2011-2012, sixty nine samples were collected from alfalfa plants showing viral infection symptoms in Riyadh region. Mechanical inoculation with sap prepared from two collected samples out of twenty five possitive for Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) by ELISA were produced systemic mosaic on Vigna unguiculata and Nicotiana tabacum, local lesion on Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Vicia faba indicator plants that induce mosaic and mottle with AMV-Sagir isolate and no infection with AMV-Wadi aldawasser isolate. Approximately 700-bp was formed by RT-PCR using AMV coat protein specific primer. Samples from infected alfalfa gave positive results, while healthy plant gave negative result using dot blot hybridization assay. The nucleotide sequences of the Saudi isolates were compared with corresponding viral nucleotide sequences reported in GenBank. The obtained results showed that the AMV from Australia, Brazil, Puglia and China had the highest similarity with AMV-Sajer isolate. While, the AMV from Spain and New Zealaland had the lowest similarity with AMV-Sajer and Wadi aldawasser isolates. The data obtained in this study has been deposited in the GenBank under the accession numbers KC434083 and KC434084 for AMV-Sajer and AMV-Wadialdawasser respectively. This is the first report regarding the gnetic make up of AMV in Saudi Arabia.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

This study was to review the classification, detection and control of bacteriophage in fermented dairy products. Bacteriophage has lytic and/or lysogenic life cycles. Epidemiologically speaking, detected major phages are c2, 936 and p335. Among them p335 has been the largest concern in dairy industry. Traditionally, various analytical technologies, such as spot, starter activity, indicator test, ATP measurement and conductimetric analysis, have been used for the phage detection. In recent years, advanced methods such as flow cytometric method, petrifilm, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiflex PCR diagnostic kit have been deveoloped. The phage contamination has been controlled by using heat, high-pressure treatment, and the combinations of heat and pressure, and/or chemical. Also some starter cultures with phage-resistant character have been developed to minimize the concentration of phages in dairy product. Bacteriophage inhibition media such as calcium medium was also mentioned. To prevent the contamination of bacteriophage in dairy industry, further researches on the detection and control of phage, and phage resistant starters are necessary in the future.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the effect of oral administration of Oldenlandiae Diffusae Herba (ODH) on eosinophil, immunoglobulin-E and interleukin-4 in the experimental asthma induced by ovalbumin. Methods : Asthma was induced to Balb/c mouse by i.p. injection and aerosol immunization with ovalbumin. It was observed the change of the eosinophil number in the BALF. And, it was observed the change of the concentrations of IL-4 in BALF and splenocyte, IgE in serum by ELISA. Results : 1. The number of eosinophil in BALF was significantly decreased in ODH group copared with control group. 2. Concentration of IL-4 in serum, BALF and splenocyte was significantly decreased in ODH group compared with control group, respectively. 3. Level of IgE in serum was significantly decreased in ODH group compared with control group. Conclusion : We found that the effect of ODH extract in asthma was implicated in reductions of IL-4 released from Th2 cell, and decreases of IgE from plasma cell. These findings suggest that ODH extract can produce anti-asthmatic effect, which may playa role in allergen-induced asthma therapy.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2006

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), otherwise known as interferon-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF), is one of several well characterized and important cytokines that contribute to host defenses. The complementary DNA (cDNA) of mature human interleukin-18 gene (hIL-18) was fused with the signal peptide of the rice amylase 1A gene (Ramy1A) and introduced into the plant expression vector under the control of a duplicated CaMV 35S promoter. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Havana) using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The integration of the hlL-18 gene into the genome of transgenic tobacco plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and its expression was observed in the suspension cells that were derived from the transgenic plant callus by using Northern blot analysis. The hlL-18 protein was detected in the extracts of the transgenic callus and in the medium of the transgenic tobacco suspension culture by using immunoblot analysis. Based upon enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) results, the expression level of the hlL-18 protein approximated $166{\mu}g/L$ in the suspension culture medium. Bioassay results from the induction of $interferon-{\gamma}$ from a KG-1 cell line indicated that the hlL-18 secreted into the suspension culture medium was bioactive.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.908-912
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• 2005

Bio-Q is a modified prescription with the activities of supplementing Qi and blood in human body. In the present study, immunomodulatory effect of Bio-Q was examined. After oral administration of Bio-Q for 7 days to Balb/c mice, splenocytes were isolated and immunological experiments were performed. Bio-Q significantly increased the proliferation of splenocytes exposed to concanavalin A (Con A), while it did not in case of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Bio-Q also significantly increased CD3/CD19, CD4/CDB and NK cells by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, Bio-Q significantly enhanced the level of $INF-\gamma$ in splenocytes, but not $TNF-\alpha$ by ELISA. These results strongly suggest that Bio-Q has immunomodulatory activity through the regulation of T cell mediated immune pathway.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Gleditsiae Spina (GS) extract on immune cells and cytokines in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. Methods : In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and handicapped by OVA for 12 weeks. During this experiment, the one group was then treated with GS extract for the later 8 weeks (3 times per week) and analyzed by ELISA, flow cytometer and RT-PCR. Results : In vivo, there were significant decreases in eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). However, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in BALF of GS group increased significantly, compared with that of control group. Additionally, the population of $CD3e^-/CCR3^+,\;CD69^+/CD3e^+,\;IgE^+/B220^+,\;CD11b^+/Gr-l^+$ cells in the GS group decreased. Conclusion : The results of this study support a role for GS as an effective treatment for asthma in its experimental success in significantly decreasing inflammation and asthma reactions, and in increasing $IFN-{\gamma}$, which helps prevent such reactions.