• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.3 s.51
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• pp.663-677
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• 1995

Special health examination institute has done periodic health examination for workers who have worked in the hazardous workplace. However, assessment on outcome in special health examination institute about detection ability of occupational disease has not been. In this circumstances, we studied on the differences of health examination outcome among special health examination institutes and identified related factors which affected outcome of special health examination in the special health examination institutes. The summary of the results were as follows. 1. 50 special health examination institutes were examined in this study. Among them, university institutes were 13 cases(26.0%), hospitals were 20 cases(40.0%), a corporation aggregates were 9 cases(18.0%) and an auxiliary organs of company were 8 cases(16.0%). There were 29(58.0%) institutes with a preventive medicine specialist, but 21 institutes(42.0%) were not. 2. Total workers examined in 50 institutes were 606,948 and workers diagnosed as occupational disease$(D_1)$ were 3,156. The rate of occupational disease was 6 workers per 1,000 examined workers. Workers needed for close observation(C) were 95,809 and the rate of workers needed for close observation was 141 per 1,000 examined workers. 3. The rate of occupational disease of university institutes was highest(11.3 per 1,000 examined workers), and followed by hospitals(6.0 per 1,000 examined workers), a corporation aggregates(4.2 per 1,000 examined workers), and an auxiliary organs of company(1.2 per 1,000 examined workers). The difference of the rate of occupational disease between university institutes and an auxiliary organs of company was statistically moderate significant(p<.1). The rate of occupational disease in special health examination institutes with establishment duration was more than 10 years was statistically higher than institutes with establishment duration was less than 10 years(p<.1). 4. The results of multiple regression, $R^2$ was 0.3394(adjusted $R^2$ was 0.2109), F-value was 2.6416(p<.05), and statistically significant variables were establishment duration(p<.01), number of examined workers per one doctor(p<.1), and auxiliary organs of company(p<.1), which dependent variable was the rate of occupational disease and independent variables were number of examined workers per one doctor, classification of institute, the rate of working environment exceeding TLV, duration of institute establishment, presence of a preventive medicine specialist.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2003

An easily available, simultaneous identification/determination procedure for sildenafil, homosildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil in adulterated health related foods was established by using a combination of three different analytical methods; thin layer chromatography(TLC), liquied chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and high-performance liquied chromatography (HPLC)/photo-diode-array detector. The sample solution for TLC was applied to silica gel 60 $F_{254}$ plates with ethylacetate/acetonitrile/25%ammonia (90:10:5) as a developing solvent. Spots were located under UV radiation at 254 nm and dragendolfs reagent. Mass spectra of the compounds by LC/MS were investigated with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, under positive ion mode. The HPLC analysis was performed on a column of capcell pack $C_{18}$ (UG120, 4.6${\times}$250mm I.D. 5 ${\mu}$m)with 0.1% sodium 1-hexansulfonate (in 0.1% phosphoric acid)/acetnitrile (73:27) as a mobile phase, and effluent was minitored with a photo-diode-applied to commercial foods, Sildenafil content was inthe range of 0.4mg/g~360.9 mg/g from 7 out of 35 samples. Homosildenafil content was in the range of 2.2 mg/g~336.0 mg/g from 7 out of 35 samples. Tadalafil content was 429.3 mg/g, 9.6 mg/500 mg from 2 out of 35 samples. The procedure described here is available for the screening of sildenafil, homosildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1073-1079
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• 2010

Forty-eight ((Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace) pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $48.47{\pm}1.13\;kg$ were used in a 12-week growth trial to investigate the influence of Anion (silicate) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted into three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design according to sex and initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of four replications with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) HCI (basal diet+3 g/kg Anion), iii) HCII (basal diet+6 g/kg Anion). No significant difference (p>0.05) was detected for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed ratio (G/F) throughout the experiment, although dietary supplementation of Anion numerically increased these characteristics compared with CON. The dietary HCI group significantly (p<0.05) increased the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy compared with the CON group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in meat quality except that meat firmness was linearly (p<0.05) increased by the Anion supplementation, while an increased tendency in meat color and a decreased tendency in 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was also observed (p<0.10). Anion supplementation linearly (p<0.05) decreased the fecal $NH_3$ compared with the CON group. However, dietary Anion supplementation at 3 g/kg decreased the $H_2S$ concentration compared with CON, while no significant difference was detected in the HCII group, although the $H_2S$ emission was numerically decreased compared with CON. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with 3 g/kg Anion was found to exert a beneficial effect on nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs, and concomitantly decreased the noxious gas emission without negative effect on growth performance.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.313-332
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• 2008

The goal of this study is to examine what sort of books girl's high school students read repeatedly, what are the different preferences between high school and university students. how much the repeatedly-read books are related to the most memorable books and how the repeatedly-read books are connected to reading habits. A questionnaire was provided to Jeonju Girls' High School Freshmen and their repeated reading experiences were searched. The results of the statistical analysis are summarized: 1) Most girls' high school students have experienced repeated reading more than twice. 2) The number of girls' high school students who have experienced repeated reading twice is the highest and next. those who have read repeatedly 3 times. Also, the number of times of repeated reading tends to be similar between woman high school and College students. 3) The books which many students read repeatedly more than twice are : a) Little Prince b) The Myth of Greece and Rome c) Chinese nine spine stickle back d) Meu Pe de Larania Lima e) Giving Tree f) Harry Potter. 4) About half of the students have read the most memorable books many times. 5) The importance of books was evaluated on the basis of the number of repeated readers and the number of readings. The order of the important books is Little Prince, The Myth of Greece and Rome, Harry Potter, Giving Tree, Meu Pe de Larania Lima, Chinese Nine Spine Stickle Back.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.133-155
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the pattern and characteristics of population movement in Kangwon province. The data for this study were drawn from in- out- migration data established by Korea National Statistical Office(KNSO) between 2000 and 2007. Sample survey and depth interview were also used. The results showed that the population of all Si and Gun except Choonchun and Wonju declined. This decline of population in Kangwon province persisted during the last decades. The decline started with the industrialization in the 1960s and 1980s. The decline of population in Kangwon province continued in the 1990s and 2000s with the open agriculture policy rooted in UR and FTA. All Si and Gun can be classified into five groups in terms of population movement in Kangwon province between 2000 and 2007. The first group(Group B) is where in-migration from other Si and Gun and out-migration to Seoul and Kyunggi continues in the period. Choonchun, Wonju, and Sokcho belong to this category. The second group(Group C) is where out-migrarion to Seoul and Kyunggi is larger the in-migration. It includes Cholwon, Taebaek, Donghae, and Samchok. The third group(Group D) is where out-migration to Group B is larger than that of other places. Hwachun, Pyungchang, Hoegsung, Gosung, and Hongchun are included in this group. The fourth group(Group E) is where out-migration to both Group B and Seoul & Kyunggi is large. Youngwol, Gangnung, and Chungsun belong to this category. The fifth group(Group F) is where few population movement occurs. It includes Yangyang, Yanggu, and Injae. The findings also shows that the extent of population movement to Choonchun and Wonju is larger than that of Seoul and Kyunggi in recent period. This finding indicates that the effect of base city like Choonchun and Wonju has become in recent years.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Information Systems Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.413-426
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• 2001

본 연구는 첫째, 정보통신기술의 발달이 시각장애인 복지 증진에 미칠 수 있는 가능성에 대한 이론적인 부분을 고찰하였다. 둘째, 우리나라 시각장애인 정보화의 문제점과 해결책을 도출하였고 셋째, 시각장애 사용자를 위한 전자상거래 인터페이스 디자인의 분석 및 설계를 통해 전자상거래에서 시각장애 사용자들이 큰 제약없이 사용할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 현재 시각장애인들의 웹 사용을 보면 시각장애 전용 S/W의 보조 하에 사용을 하고 있다. 그러한 보조 도구의 실정에 맞도록 텍스트 버전 및 Non-Frame버전, Alt-Text 옵션, 캡션 등을 넣어 접근성을 확보하고 인터넷을 큰 제약을 받지않고 이용할 수 있도록 웹 페이지의 설계가 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위하여 먼저 시각장애에 대한 개념과 원인 및 종류 그리고 특성을 통해 시각장애인에 대한 이론적 배경을 파악하였다. 그리고 시각장애인의 정보화 환경과 이용 현황과 시각장애인의 정보 접근을 제도적, 기기 및 소프트웨어 개발 측면에서 분석을 하였고, 장애인을 위한 정보통신기술 중 대표적인 사례를 검토해 보았다. 다음으로 국내외의 대표적인 전자상거래 사이트에서의 인터페이스를 화면구성(Layout), 텍스트(Text), 그래픽(Graphic), 멀티미디어(MultiMedia) 측면에서 분석을 하였다. 분석한 내용을 바탕으로 시각장애 사용자의 입력(User Input) 부분을 고려한 인터페이스 방향을 제시하고 프로토타입을 개발하여 시험 대상 사이트와의 만족도를 시각장애 사용자를 통해 비교 ·분석하였다. 결론부분에서는 정보불평등을 해소하고, 정보통신기술이 장애인의 복지향상에 기여하도록 하기 위해 전자상거래 싸이트에서의 시각 장애인들을 위한 방향을 제시하고자 한다.박의 표현, 등록 및 색인방법 (c) 공급 선박의 분류와 표현 방법 (d) 에이전트의 정보 수집을 위한 메시지 표현 방법 (e) 수집된 선박정보의 데이터베이스 저장 표현방법 (f) 요구 선박을 찾아주는 정보제공 서비스가 요구된다.동을 보여 조사대상 5호분, 6호분, 7호분, 중 가장 심한 거동을 보이고 있다. 이는 고분 벽돌의 깨짐이 6호분이 가장 심하다는 사실과 무관하지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 봉분내부의 토양층구조에 대한 지오레이다 영상단면을 분석한 결과 무령왕릉 연도상부의 누수지방지층이 심하게 균열되어 있음을 발견하였다. 이 곳은 고분내부로 직접누수가 발생하는 곳이다. 직접누수와 지하수 형태로 유입된 침투수는 고분군 주위의 지반의 함수비를 증가시켜 지반의 지지력을 약화시키고 또한 고분내로 서서히 유입되어 고분내부의 습도를 100%로 유지시키는 주된 원인이다. 이러한 높은 습도는 고분내의 남조류의 번식을 가져왔으며 남조류의 번식은 현재 6호분이 가장 심각하고 7호분이 우려되는 수준이며 5호분은 문제가 없는 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같이 고분군의 발굴후 인위적인 환경변화와 지속적인 강우침투 및 배수 불량의 영향은 고분군의 안정성에 상당한 위험을 초래하였으며, 현 상태는 각 고분에 대한 보강이 불가피한 것으로 판단된다. 고분 벽돌의 깨짐, 고분 벽체의 거동, 조류의 서식등을 포함하여 송산리 고분군에서 발생되고 있는 보존상의 제반 문제점들을 일차적으로 누수 및 침투수에 의한 결과이다. 그러므로 무엇보다도 고분군 내부 및 고분 주변으로의 강우 및 지하수 침투를 막는 차수 대책이 시급한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 이미 발생한 변위가 더 이상 진행되지 않도록 하중을 경감하고 토압의 균형을 이루는 보강대책이 시급한 실정이다. 고분군

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2001

Objective : Zusanli(ST36) and Hoku(Li4) are analgesic acupuncture points frequently used for acupuncture in Oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to see the antinociceptive effects produced by electroacupuncture combined two frequencies(Low, High) and two different acupuncture points(LI4, ST36) in the rat tail flick test. Method : In this study the Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g) were partially anesthetized with thiopental sodium(40mg/kg, i.p.). The basal reaction time for the tail-flick was 3${\pm}$0.5 sec. Low frequency(3Hz, 5V, biphasic) and high frequency(100Hz, 5V, biphasic) were applied to the inserted needle for the period of insertion(twenty minutes). Experimental groups are divied as follow; a) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Hoku with or high frequency(L-EA, H-EA), b) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Zusanli with low or high frequency(1-EA, h-EA), c) low frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(LIEA), d) low frequency at Hoku and high frequency at Zusanli(LhEA), e) high frequency at Hoku and low frequency at Zusanli(HIEA), f) high frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(HhEA) Results : The individual stimulation at either Hoku or Zusanli with low frequency has stronger and longer analgesic effect than high frequency stimulation. In addition, the combined stimulation at Hoku and Zusanli with low frequency has superior effect to individual stimulation with low frequency. LhEA and LIEA have superior effect to other stimulation groups among the combined groups. In order to determine the involvement of opioid system on the different antinociceptive effects, Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, was used in the combined groups. LIEA is the most sensitive when naloxone was administrated among study groups. HhEA is the least sensitive in the administration of naloxone. Conclusion : From results, this study confirmed that the opioid system is involved in analgesic effect of low frequency stimulation of acupuncture point, and we also can suggest the stronger analgesic effect of combining stimulation points is due to the theory of spatial summation in the nervous system.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 1971

This is a research on general evaluation of the nursing profession which is a professional job, a suitable calling to women and is developing academically day by day. The author gave some questions to the patients, doctors, people, student nurses-themselves and got the following results; (A) General concept about nursing profession A nurse is a member, of a medical team who works for people′s health promotion(50.8%). The reason that the nursing profession is a good one is that it is a rewarding job to care for sick patients(78.9%). The spirit is the most important factor for the nurse(84.8%) and the nursing profession is a suitable calling to women (76%). The description of nurses as "The angels in white dress" is an appropriate one (44.6%) or only a beautiful expression(47.4%) (B) Nurses as actually seen by doctors and patients. They work only obligatorily (47.8%)-Doctors They try to relieve, the patient′s physical discomforts in all sincerity (65.6%), also they to decrease the patient′s mental apprehension (56.7%). (C) Satisfaction in the nursing profession. Nurses satisfaction in the nursing profession is general(68.8%) and student nurses satisfaction in selecting nursing is fulfilled (50.9%). One reason for dissatisfaction among nurses and student nurses is people's failure to understanding the nursing profession(40.1%), One reason for satisfaction is that it is a rewarding job caring for sick patients(35%). (D) Is the nursing professional job? People think the nursing profession is a professional job like doctors or lawyers (60.2%). (E) Are they academic? People think the nurses are academic(37.8%) but nurses read only interesting items in the "Journal of Korean Nurse"(67.7%). (F) Opinions about nurses′going out of the country. Doctors and nurses agree that after 1-2 years′experience in this country(78.5%) and student nurses want to go out where there is on opportunity(73.1%). Student's purpose of going out is to enrich their stock of information(71.3%), doctors think, it is for training in nursing knowledge and skills (47.8%). (G) Opinions about nurse′s social affairs. They want nurses to be controlled(44.4%) and also think that the nurse's demonstration in the National Conte. was reasonable (36.3%). (H) Would you make your daughter a nurse? They favour their daughter′s becoming a nurse(17.4%) because they think it is a rewarding job to care for sick patients(42.5%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2003

The study was carried out to investigate the flora and community classfication of forest vegetation in Mt. Yumyeong from March. 2002 to October. 2003. As a result of that. the vascular plants were 98 families, 331 genera, 570 species, 1 subspecies, 81 varieties, 4 formae, 2 hybrid, 658 taxa in all. Korean endemic plants were 10 families, 14 genera, 13 species, 2 variaties, 1 hybrid, 16 taxa in all; rare and endangered plants were 9 families, 10 genera, 11 species, 11 taxa in all: naturalized plants were 12 families, 22 genera, 28 species, 28 taxa in all. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 order, 1 alliance, 6 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae (Kim, 1990) Lindero - Quercion mongolicae (Kim, 1990) A. Carex humiljs var. nana - Pinus densiflora Community B. Oplismenus undulatifoljus - Pinus koraiensis Community C. Fraxinius rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica Community D. Cornus controversa - Quercus mongolica Community E. Quercus variabilis - Quercus mongolica Commnuty F. Lespedeza bicolor - Quercus mongolica Community.