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The Analysis of Risk Factors and Significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNE)-$\alpha$ in Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ Nephritis (Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ 자반증 환아에서 신침범에 대한 위험인자 분석 및 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$의 의의)

  • Song Young-Jun;Ha Tae-Sun
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.40-47
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    • 2000
  • Purpose: Renal involvement is the most important prognostic factor of HSP. Therefore, the pathogenesis and prognostic factors in renal involvement have been studied by many researchers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical risk factors and the role of TNF-$\alpha$ in renal involvement of HS purpura. Methods: The subjects of this study were 12 patients of HS purpura, 7 patients of HS nephritis, and 5 age-matched controls. We have analysed the rist factors for renal involvement in clinical symptoms and collected the sera and urines of all subjects in acute and convalescent stage. The concentration of TNF-$\alpha$ in the collected sera and urines were measured by sandwich ELISA and compared with that of age-matched controls. Results: Statistical analysis showed that persistent purpura increased the risk of developing renal involvement (P=0.0018). and serum TNF-$\alpha$ levels in the acute stage of patients with renal involvement($11.45{\pm}7.01$ pg/ml) were significantly higher than those of without renal involvement($6.32{\pm}1.31$pg/m1) and of age-matched controls($5.99{\pm}1.34$pg/m1)(P=0.012, 0.027, respectively). However, urine TNF-$\alpha$ levels have no correlation with renal involvement. On investigation of serum TNF-$\alpha$ levels in acute stage of HS purpura, persistent purpura had a significantly higher increase(P=0.038). Conclusion: Serum concentration of TNF-$\alpha$ is a risk factor and has a predictable value along with clinical risk factors, such as, persistent purpura for renal involvement in HS purpura. Also, the effectiveness of the specific treatment fur antagonizing TNF-$\alpha$ in HS nephritis may need further study.

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Consideration About the Bacterial Endotoxin Test Showing False Positive Test Result When Performing LAL Test (LAL Test에서 위양성을 나타내는 원인들에 대한 고찰)

  • Hwang, Ki-Young;Cho, Yong-Hyun;Lee, Yong-Suk;Kim, Hyung-Woo;Lee, Hong-Jae;Kim, Hyun-Ju
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.156-158
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: Since radiopharmaceuticals are intended for human administration, it is imperative that we should undergo quality control very strictly. Now almost all the PET laboratories have adopted Bacterial Endotoxin Test as the stand quality control method to monitor whether pyrogen is free or not in the product vial containing crude solution. The aim of this study is to find out the reason why false positive result is observed when using commercially available test vial. Materials and Methods: For this experiment, we used commercially available single test kit (Associates of Cape Code. Inc. USA) and we made pH samples by mixing each buffer whose pH ranges are 1.0 to 12.0. Otherwise we made Ethanol samples diluted with distilled water. After making test samples, it added 0.2 mL to the test vial. Assay mixture in the test vial was incubated in a water bath (Chang Shin Co. KOR) for 60 min at $35{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Results: After incubation period ($60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), we inverted the test vial about $180^{\circ}$ To know what pH and how many percentage of Ethanol (Fisher Scientific Korea. Ltd) will affect the reaction. With pH buffer, false positive result was observed at pH 1.0 to 5.0 and 7.7 to 12.6 but at pH 5.2 to.7.5, the test results show negative. It's very strange that we couldn't observe negative test result with Tris buffer at pH 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.0. in other case Ethanol, the test result was seen with 5 to 10% Ethanol. But to my surprise we could see very thick gel formation with 100% Ethanol. Conclusions: In this study, we could notice that pH which is too much acidic or alkalic or high concentrated Ethanol would affect Bacterial Endotoxin Test result. As you know, LAL test is sensitive and very reliable method. Therefore, we are needed to elicit the accurate test result as possible as we can.

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Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Proliferation of T cells, Phagocytic Activity of Leukocytes on Alcoholics (알코올중독자의 백혈구탐식능, 림프구아형 및 증식능)

  • 김용호;서병배;이정녀;김영훈
    • Biomedical Science Letters
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.167-174
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    • 1996
  • Alcoholics increased susceptibility to microbial infection that is associated with decreased immunity. but there has been little experimental evidence to support alcoholics-induced increase of microbial infection directly in non-specific immunity. Therefore, we were used the method of phagocytic-plaque including all the stimulating factors for the phagocytosis, subtypes of lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: (1) alcoholics who were hospitalized less than 1 week (newly hospitalized alcoholics), (2) alcoholics who were hospitalized more than 2 weeks (old hospitalized alcoholics), (3) healthy blood donors. We have studied 98 alcoholics and 35 healthy blood donors and control groups. A physician has checked the biological markers and diagnosed the body-condition alcoholics. The immunity and non-specific immunity on the alcoholics were analyzed by using the simultest kit and flow cytometry. Proliferation of the lymphocytes was analyzed by the phytohemmagglutinine mitogen. Phagocytosis and migration properties of leukocytes were identified on the layer formed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain. Biological markers of alcoholics and control groups, by such as blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volumes of red blood cells, were determined by biochemical and hematological methods. Compared with control groups, cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD8+ and CD19+ in alcoholic were more decreased except CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Proliferation of the T-lymphocytes, phagocytosis and migration properties of the leukocytes in alcoholics were decreased compared with those of control groups. According to the results observed in our experiment, they can be summerized as follows: 1, Cellular, humoral and non-specific immunities, are markedly decreased in alcoholics than those in control groups. 2. It is inferred that Phagocytic plaque formation is a very useful method to evaluate phagocytosis and migration properties of the alcoholic leukocytes 3. It is thought that the subtypes of lymphocytes, especially CD4+/CD8+ ratio, are essential methods to analyzed the alcoholic immunity. 4. Specific and non-specific immunity on the old hospitalized alcoholics was slightly increased, which depends upon the alcoholic medication.

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The Significance of Acetylcholine Receptor Autoantibody Test (아세틸콜린 수용체 항체(Acetylcholine receptor autoantibody) 검사의 의의)

  • Yoo, Soh-Yeon;Lim, Soo-Yeon;Pack, Song-Ran;Seo, Mi-Hye;Moon, Hyung-Ho;You, Sun-Hee
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.113-116
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: Acetylcholine receptor antibodies cause acetylcholine receptor loss, which is responsible for failure of the neuromuscular junction in the acetylcholine receptor autoantibody. The disease characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, myasthenia gravis(MG) occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission. And this reason, the measurement of acetylcholine receptor antibodies can be of considerable value in disease diagnosis. Methods: From 2010. August to September, we tested orderd AchRAb 19 samples to get the results. 1. Pipette $5{\mu}{\ell}$ undiluted patient sera and kit control and add 125I AChR $50{\mu}{\ell}$ and incubate at R.T for 2 hours. 2. Pipette $50{\mu}{\ell}$ of anti-human IgG into each tube, and incubate at $2{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. 3. Pipette $25{\mu}{\ell}$ precipitation enhancer into each tube and add 1mL washing solution into all tubes. 4. Centrifuge each tube for 20minutes at $2{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ at 1500g. 5. Aspirate or decant the supernatant. 6. Pipette 1 mL washing solution into all tubes and resuspend the pellet and repeat centrifugation. 7. Aspirate or decant the supernatant and count all tubes on a gamma counter. Results: Cut off value is 0.2 nmol/L and the results taken below 0.2 nmol/L are negative, the results above that identified as being positive values. We assayed the 19 patients samples and got 7 positive results. Of which, 6 patients were diagnosed as MG.(85.7%). Conclusions: Acetylcholine Receptor autoantibody test is intended for use by persons only for the quantitative determination of it in human serum. Even if measurement of the antibodies is not a routine test, it can be of considerable value in disease diagnosis.

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Mechanism by which periodontitis may contribute to atherosclerosis (치주염이 동맥경화에 기여하는 기전에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Seung-Hee;Kim, Kyung-Hwa;Yang, Seung-Min;Chung, Hyun-Ju;Choi, Yoon-Sik;Han, Soo-Boo;Chung, Chong-Pyoung;Rhyu, In-Chul
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.837-846
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    • 2002
  • 그람 음성균의 감염에 의한 만성 염증질환인 치주염이 동맥경화를 동반한 허혈성 심장질환 (협심증이나 심근 경색)을 일으킬 수 있는 위험인자로 작용할 수 있다는 보고가 있었다. 그러나, 그 기전에 관해서는 명확하게 알려져 있지 않다. 작용기전의 하나로서, 치주염에 의해 치주조직에서 국소적으로 생긴 염증성 싸이토카인(IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$)이 혈행을 따라 이동하여 심혈관에서 동맥경화를 일으킬 수 있다는 가설이 제시되고 있는데, 이 가설을 검증해 보고자 한다. 서울대학교 병원 순환기 내과에 불안정 협심증이나 심근경색으로 입원한 환자 및 과거 이 질환의 병력을 갖고 있거나 검진 목적으로 내원하여 관상동맥 조형술을 받은 환자들 중 동맥경화로 진단받은 사람을 실험군(24명)으로 하고, 동맥경화로 진단받지 않은 사람을 대조군(12명)으로 하였다. 치주질환의 활성도를 나타내는 치은 지수, 치태 지수, 치주낭 깊이, 부착 상실을 측정하였다. Paper strip을 실험대상 치아(Ramfjord's teeth)들 중에서 가장 깊은 치주낭을 가진 두 개의 치아를 택하여 각 치아의 가장 깊은 치주낭에 30초간 삽입한 후 밀폐된 plastic tube에 넣고 ELISA kit를 이용하여 IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$의 농도를 측정하였다. 환자의 plasma에서도 동일한 싸이토카인의 농도를 측정하였다. 설문조사를 통해 동맥경화의 위험 인자로 간주되어온 고혈압, 당뇨, 가족력, 심근경색이나 협심증의 기왕력, 흡연의 유무를 기록하였다. 혈액검사를 하여 total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, WBC, CRP (C-reactive protein)의 농도를 측정하였다. 치주조직에 대한 임상 검사 결과 치은의 염증상태를 나타나는 지표인 치은 지수에서만 실험군이 대조군에 비해 유의할 정도 (p=0.0174)로 높게 나타났고, 만성적인 염증의 결과로 인한 치조골의 사실 정도를 나타내는 치주낭 깊이나 부착 상실에서는 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 치주낭에서 측정한 염증성 싸이토카인 중 IL-1${\beta}$, $PGE_2$가 실험군에서 유의할 만한 차이 (p=0.005, 0.022)를 보이며, 더 높은 농도로 나타났고, TNF-${\alpha}$는 대조군에서 유의성 있게 (p=0.009) 높게 나타났다. 그러나, plasma의 싸이토카인이나, serum lipid/lipoprotein, C-reactive Protein, WBC는 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 치은열구액내의 싸이토카인과 이에 상흥하는 싸이토카인 간에 상관관계는 관찰되지 않았다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 치은열구액내의 IL-1${\beta}$와 TNF-${\alpha}$ 만이 동맥경화와 유의성 있는 관련성을 보였고, 특히 IL-1${\beta}$와 교차비는 273으로 상당한 관련성을 보여주었다. 결론적으로, 치주조직에서 국소적으로 생긴 염증성 싸이토카인이 그대로 혈행으로 이동하여 혈장내의 싸이토카인 농도를 높이는 것은 아니다. 그러나, 치주염으로 인해 치은열구내액내에 국소적으로 증가된 염증성 싸이토카인은 동맥경화와 상당한 관련성을 가진다.

Development and Validation of Analytical Method for Determination of Biphenyl Analysis in Foods (식품 중 비페닐 분석법 개발 및 유효성 검증)

  • Kim, Jung-Bok;Kim, Myung-Chul;Song, Sung-Woan;Shin, Jae-Wook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.459-464
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    • 2017
  • Biphenyl is used as an intermediate in the production of crop protection products, a solvent in pharmaceutical production, and as a component in the preservation of citrus fruits in many countries. Biphenyl is not authorized for use and also does not have standards or specifications as a food additive in Korea. National and imported food products are likely to contain biphenyl. Therefore, control and management of these products is required. In this study, a simple analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC to determine biphenyl in food. These methods are validated by assessing certain performance parameters: linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The calibration curve was obtained from 1.0 to $100.0{\mu}g/mL$ with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.999 in the representative sample (orange). In the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, accuracy was in the range of 95.8~104.0% within normal values. The inter-day and inter-day precision values were less than 2.4% RSD in the measurement of QC samples. Recoveries of biphenyl from spiked orange samples ranged from 92.7 to 99.4% with RSD between 0.7 and 1.7% at levels of 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 0.04 and $0.13{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results show that the developed method is appropriate for biphenyl identification and can be used to examine the safety of citrus fruits and surface treatments containing biphenyl residues.

Growth Inhibition against Contaminants in Aseptic Chocolate Milk Using Physicochemical Methods (물리.화학적 처리에 의한 멸균 초콜릿 우유 오염균의 생육억제 효과)

  • Choi, Moon-Kyoung;Yoon, So-Young;Lee, So-Young;Kim, Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri;Lee, Chung-Jo;Jung, Ji-Yeon;Kwak, Ji-Hee;Kim, Min-Ji;Kim, Dong-Hyun;SunWoo, Chan;Lee, Ju-Woon;Byun, Myung-Woo;Ahn, Dong-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.40 no.8
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    • pp.1157-1163
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to investigate the cause of microbiological contaminants in aseptic chocolate milk and evaluate the effect of a physicochemical treatment on the growth inhibition of isolated bacterial strains. The bacterium isolated from aseptic chocolate milk was identified as Bacillus lentus and was named B. lentus M1. In the heat and pH treatment, the growth of B. lentus was inhibited at 110$^{\circ}C$ for >15 min and at pH's <5 and >10. An electrolyzed water treatment against B. lentus M1, revealed 5 mm growth past the inhibition zone. The effect of ozone gas on B. lentus M1 growth was evaluated using viable cell counts. When the initial number of B. lentus M1 was $10^2$ and $10^3$ CFU, the bacteria were completely suppressed by ozone gas treatment for 10 and 30 min, respectively. In a microwave treatment, B. lentus M1 was sterilized following microwave treatment for 1 min. As the result of ${\gamma}$-irradiation against B. lentus M1, numbers decreased as the ${\gamma}$-irradiation dosage increased. These results show the growth inhibition effects against contaminants in aseptic chocolate milk using physicochemical treatments.

The Extracts from Liriope platyphylla Significantly Stimulated Insulin Secretion in the HIT-T15 Pancreatic β-Cell Line (HIT-T15 췌장세포의 인슐린분비 촉진을 유도하는 맥문동(Liriope platyphylla) 추출물의 효능 및 독성분석)

  • Kim, Ji-Ha;Kim, Ji-Eun;Lee, Yoen-Kyung;Nam, So-Hee;Her, Youn-Kyung;Jee, Seoung-Wan;Kim, Sun-Guen;Park, Da-Jung;Choi, Young-Whan;Hwang, Dae-Youn
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.7
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    • pp.1027-1033
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    • 2010
  • Liriope platyphylla has traditionally been used in Korea and China as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of coughing, sputum, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, and diabetes. In an effort to assess the functions of a novel extract from Liriope platyphylla in diabetes therapy, the insulin secretion abilities of 10 extracts were screened via measurements of insulin concentration in the culture supernatant using an Insulin ELISA kit. The results of this assay showed the highest levels of insulin in the LP9M80-H treated group, followed by the LP-H, LP-M, LP-E and LP9M80-C treated groups, whereas other extracts did not induce insulin secretion in the HIT-T15 cells. However, the extracts capable of stimulating insulin secretion simultaneously evidenced high apoptotic activity as compared with other extracts. Therefore, one of these extracts, LP9M80-H, was initially selected as the optimal candidate for a therapeutic drug and its optimal concentration was determined. The results of the ELISA and MTT assay demonstrated that a concentration of approximately 100-125 ug/ml of LP9M80-H was optimal with regards to cell viability and insulin secretion in the HIT-T15 cells. These results suggest that LP9M80-H could be considered as an excellent candidate for a diabetes-therapeutic drug that could induce insulin secretion in pancreatic $\beta$-cells.

Physico-chemical, Nutritional, and Enzymatic Characteristics of Shiitake Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) (표고버섯 수확 후 배지의 이화학적, 영양적, 효소적 특성)

  • Sung, Hwa-Jung;Pyo, Su-Jin;Kim, Jong-Sik;Park, Jong-Yi;Sohn, Ho-Yong
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.28 no.11
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    • pp.1339-1346
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    • 2018
  • In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.

A Comparative Study of Production of [68Ga]PSMA-11 with or without Cassette Type Modules (비 카세트 방식과 카세트 방식을 이용한 [68Ga]PSMA-11의 자동 합성 방법 비교)

  • Hyun-Sik, Park;Byeong-Min, Jo;Hyun-Ho, An;Hong-Jin, Lee;Jin-Hyeong, Lee;Gyeong-Jae, Lee;Byung-Chul, Lee;Won-Woo, Lee
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.15-19
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    • 2022
  • Purpose [68Ga]PSMA-11 is needed the high reproducibility, excellent radiochemical yield and purity. In term of radiation safety, the radiation exposure of operator for its production also should be considered. In this work, we performed a comparative study for the fully automated synthesis of [68Ga]PSMA-11 between non-cassette type and cassette type. Materials and Methods Two different type of modules (TRACERlab FX N pro for non-cassette type and BIKBox for cassette type) were used for the automated production of [68Ga]PSMA-11. According to the previously identified elution profile, Only 2.5 ml with high radioactivity was used for the reaction. After adjusting the pH of the reaction solution with HEPES buffer solution, the precursor was added and reacted with at 95 ℃ for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was separated and purified using a C18 light cartridge. The product was eluted with 50% EtOH/saline solution and diluted with saline. It was completed by sterilizing filter. In the non-cassette type, the aforementioned process must be prepared directly. However, in the cassette method, synthesis was possible simply by installing a kit that was already completed. Results Both total [68Ga]PSMA-11 production time were 25±3(non-cassette type) and 23±3 minutes(cassette type). The radiochemical yield of the non-cassette type(65.5±5.7%) was higher than that of the cassette type(61.6±4.8%) after sterilization filter. The non-cassette type took about 120 minutes of preparation time before synthesis due to washing of synthesizer and reagent preparation. However, since the cassette type does not require washing and reagent preparation, it took about 20 minutes to prepare before synthesis. Both type of synthesizer had a radiochemical high purity(>99%). Conclusion The non-cassette type production of [68Ga]PSMA-11 showed higher radiochemical yield and lower cost than the cassette type. However, The cassette type has an advantage in terms of preparation time, convenience, and equipment maintenance.