• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.409-430
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability of strong motion records processed by causal and acausal Butterworth filters in comparison to the results obtained from a synthetic accelerogram. For this purpose, the fault parallel component of the Bolu record of the Duzce earthquake is modeled with a sum of exponentially damped sinusoidal components. Noise-free velocities and displacements are then obtained by analytically integrating the synthetic acceleration model. The analytical velocity and displacement signals are used as a standard with which to judge the validity of the signals obtained by filtering with causal and acausal filters and numerically integrating the acceleration model. The results show that the acausal filters are clearly preferable to the causal filters due to the fact that the response spectra obtained from the acausal filters match the spectra obtained from the simulated accelerogram better than that obtained by causal filters. The response spectra are independent from the order of the filters and from the method of integration (whether analytical integration after a spline fit to the synthetic accelerogram or the trapezoidal rule). The response spectra are sensitive to the chosen corner frequency of both the causal and the acausal filters and also to the inclusion of the pads. Accurate prediction of the static residual displacement (SRD) is very important for structures traversing faults in the near-fault regions. The greatest adverse effect of the high pass filters is their removal of the SRD. However, the noise-free displacements obtained by double integrating the synthetic accelerogram analytically preserve the SRD. It is thus apparent that conventional high pass filters should not be used for processing near-fault strong-motion records although they can be reliably used for far-fault records if applied acausally. The ground motion parameters such as ARIAS intensity, HUSID plots, Housner spectral intensity and the duration of strong-motion are found to be insensitive to the causality of filters.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1992년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 19-21 Oct. 1992
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• pp.817-822
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• 1992

Distortion analysis of digital filters for the ECG signal processing is presented. Several band pass and band reject filters are designed for the analysis. Computer simulations are performed to compare the distortions of the Butterworth type filters and linear phase optimal fitters. The designed filters are applied to power line interference cancelling in ECG signals.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.598-604
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• 2015

A Chebyshev filter is well known for having a sharp skirt characteristic and equi-ripple. On the other hand, a Butterworth filter has a smooth skirt characteristic and maximally flat ripple. This paper analyzes the skirt characteristics of the filters with the cascade connection. The paper deals with the Chebyshev BPF, Cascading Chebyshev BPF, Butterworth BPF, Cascading Butterworth*Chebyshev BPF. First of all, the paper designs the prototype analog LPF in order to analyze skirt characteristics of the BPFs. Then the paper does the frequency transformation into the BPFs and tests the BPFs with cascading them. As a result, the skirt characteristics of the Chebyshev BPF was the sharpest and those of the Cascading Chebyshev BPF, Butterworth BPF, Cascading Butterworth*Chebyshev BPF was superior in order. The validity of the paper was confirmed through minute measurements of test results.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2012

This study is focusing on ripple elimination in the band pass filter. There are generally two design methods in IIR filter design, which are a direct method and an indirect one. The indirect design method that designs the digital IIR LPF using the prototype analog LPF is applied to this study. A Butterworth filter and a Chebyshev filter are the typical prototype analog LPFs. This study shows characteristics of the digital IIR LPFs that are transformed from the prototype analog LPFs. The designed Butterworth and Chebyshev IIR LPFs are also designed as the band pass filters by frequency transformation in order to compare with the proposed cascading Chebyshev BPFs. This study shows frequency characteristics between the transformed IIR BPFs and the proposed cascading Chebyshev BPFs as well. The proposed cascading Chebyshev BPF is designed by cascading the different orders of Chebyshev BPFs. The aspect of the cascading filter is offsetting the ripples to descend them while the pass band ripples of the Chebyshev filter are ascending and vice versa. The designed cascading Chebyshev filter shows the flatness and the sharpness, which represent the advantages of Butterworth filter in the pass band and of Chebyshev filter in the transition band respectively. This result verifies the validity of the designed filter.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2014

치료 후 I-131 SPECT/CT는 잔류 갑상선 위치확인 및 전이유무를 판단하기 위하여 시행된다. 잔류 갑상선에 집적이 심한 경우 영상은 ringing artifact에 의하여 왜곡된다. 본 연구는 ringing artifact를 제거하고 영상의 질을 향상시키기 위한 적절한 post-filter의 적용에 대하여 제시하고자 한다. 본 실험은 hollow sphere와 아크릴통으로 구성된 phantom을 사용하여 SPECT/CT Discovery 670 (GE Healthcare, USA) 장비로 수행하였다. I-131용액을 hollow sphere에 184, 46, 9.2, 2.3 MBq/cc, 아크릴통에 46 kBq/cc을 각각 주입하였고 sphere 대 background의 비를 4000:1, 1000:1, 200:1, 50:1로 설정하였다. 데이터는 다음과 같은 조건으로 획득하였다(HEGP collimator 사용, Attenuation collection 적용, scan time 40 secs/frame, step angle 6도, scan mode non circular, evolution 적용과 미적용). 획득된 데이터는 OSEM (iteration 2, subset 10) 방식으로 재구성하였다. Post-filer의 사용에 따른 이미지의 변화를 보기 위해 3가지의 다른 post-filer들이 사용되었다(butterworth filter cut-off: 0.38, 0.43, 0.48, 0.53, 0.58, hanning filter cut-off: 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, gaussian FWHM: 3, 3.4, 4, 4.5, 5). 각각의 데이터는 MRIcro를 사용하여 contrast ratio, background variability를 분석하였고 e.soft ROI tool을 사용하여 FWHM값을 구하였다. Evolution을 적용한 경우, 모든 결과에서 contrast ratio값이 높게 나타났다. Evolution을 적용하지 않은 경우 star artifact 등 왜곡이 발생하였고 영상의 질이 현저히 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 4000:1, 1000:1, 200:1의 경우, butterworth filter 사용 시 ringing artifact가 발생하였으며 cut-off값이 커질수록 artifact가 감소하였다. Hanning filter를 사용한 경우 ringing artifact는 발생하지 않았다. Contrast ratio와 FWHM값이 butterworth filter나 hanning filter 적용 시 우수하였다. Gaussian filter경우 contrast ratio와 FWHM값에서 저조한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 50:1의 경우, 모든 경우에서 ringing artifact가 발생하지 않았다. Butterworth filter를 적용한 경우 가장 높은 contrast ratio와 가장 우수한 FWHM값을 나타내었다. 본 논문을 통하여 I-131 SPECT에서 ringing artifact가 발생 할 경우(thyroid remnant를 포함) hanning filter를 사용하여 영상을 재구성하고, ringing artifact가 발생하지 않을(remnant thyroid를 포함하지 않음) 경우 butterworth filter를 사용하여 재구성하는 것이 바람직하다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.137-145
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• 1993

Time domain analysis as well as frequency domain analysis of signal conditioning filters is very useful for practical applications. Time domain analysis of digital filters for noise cancelling in ECG signals is presented. Several band pass and band reject filters are designed for the analysis. Computer simulations are performed to compare the distortions of the Butterworth type filters and linear phase optimal FIR filters which are widely used for ECG signal processing. Band reject filters are applied to power line interference cancelling in ECG signals.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제34C권11호
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• pp.56-65
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• 1997

In this paper, a design of current-mode continuous-time filters for low voltage and high frequency applictions using complementary bipolar current mirror paris is presented. The proposed current-mode filters consist of simple bipolar current mirrors and capacitors and are quite suitable for monolithic integrtion. Since the design method of the proposed curent-mode filters is based on the integrator type of realization, it can be used for a wide range of applications. And the cutoff frequency of th efilters can be easily changed by the DC cntrolling current. As design examples, the 5th order butterworth filters are designed by cascade and leapfrog methods with tunable cutoff frequencies from 30MHz to 100MHz. The characteristics of the designed current mode filters are simulated and examined by SPICE using standard bipolar transistor parameters.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1993년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.70-73
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• 1993

Design as well as Distortion analysis of signal conditioning filters is very useful for practical applications. Distortion analysis of digital filters for wave forms detection in ECG signals is presented. Several band pass and band reject filters are designed for the analysis. Computer simulations are performed to compare the distortions of the Butterworth type filters and linear phase optimal FIR filters which are widely used for ECG signal processing.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.805-814
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 소형의 동축 공진기를 이용하여 타원 함수 여파기를 설계, 제작하였다. 타원 함수 여파기는 Butterworth나 Chebyshev 여파기보다 주파수 선택도가 뛰어나므로 한정된 주파수 자원을 효율적으로 이용할 수 있다. 소형 경량의 세라믹 공진기를 이용하여 여파기의 크기, 무게, 비용을 줄이고 여파기의 제작성과 결 합량 제어가 용이하도록 하였다 유전체 동축 공진기의 등가 회로 모텔링과 결합 계수값을 설측하여 타원 함 수 여파기를 설계. 제작하였으며 소형 유전체 동축 공진기를 이용하여 제작된, 중심주파수가 959 MHz이고 통 과 대역폭 28 MHz인 8단 타원 함수 여파기의 경우, 반사손실 17 dB 이상. 삽입손실 5 dB, $f_c\pm5$MHz에서 20 dB이상의 감쇄특성을 얻었다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1983

Elliptic 함수는 허수 축상에 영점을 가지며 통과영역과 차단영역에서 같은 파상을 갖는데 결과적으로 elliptic 함수는 천이영역을 최소로함으로써 감도면에서 최적인 상태를 만들 수 있으나, 시간 영역에서의 특성은 Chebyshev 함수나 Butterworth 함수 응답 특성보다 떨어진다. 본 논문은 통과영역 감쇠율, 차단 주파수 ωs 등과 같이 여러 요소를 변화시켰을 때의 효과를 분석하기 위해서 단위계단 응답은 임펄스 응답을 분석해 보았다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 독특한 특성이 나타났는데 elliptic 필터 함수의 계단 응답은 높은 고유주파구에서 오버슈우트와 언더슈우트가 크고 빠르게 발생했고 초기값은 ωs가 증가하므로 감소하나 원점에서 시작하지는 않았다. Butterworth나 Chebyshev의 경우와는 다르게 임펄스 응답은 원점에서 시작하지 않는 것도 있으며 위와 같은 독특한 특성을 알아보도록 8개의 특성곡선을 제시하였다.