• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2012

Using calli of $Muscari$ $armeniacum$ cv. 'Early Giant' that is monocotyledonous ornamental bulb crop with increasing demand in Korea, we carried out current studies to establish an in vitro multiple propagation protocol via somatic embryogenesis. We found that soft pale yellow green calli were induced from leaf explants cultured on all media containing 0.1~3.0 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). However, induced calli showed vigorous growth only when they further transferred on same media containing 2,4-D, 4-amino-3,5,6-tri-chloropicolinic acid (picloram), or 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Although frequency of somatic embryo induction depended on callus source and PGR composition in somatic embryo induction media, somatic embryogenesis was initiated on surface of proliferated calli after transferring on media with no PGR or 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA co-supplemented with various cytokinins such as $N^6$-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Highest number of embryo at 9.3 per callus clump was obtained when calli which were grown under 0.1 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ picloram supplementation were sub-cultured on medium with 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and 0.5 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BAP. In addition, morphological characteristics of somatic embryo were categorized into following nine phases: globular, biased heart, biased torpedo, early cotyledonary, middle cotyledonary, late cotyledonary, early sprouting, middle sprouting, and late sprouting embryos.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of liquid pig manure (LPM) as a substitute for chemical fertilizer (CF) in double cropping system of rice followed by onion. The LPM applied for rice in silty clay loam soil cultivated in the double cropping system with onion contained $3.8g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.7g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. The LPM applied for onion after rice contained $4.9g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.4g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.1g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. Soil pH increased after rice culture irrespective of treatments. The rice growth and grain yield among CF and LPM applications were not significantly different. The application of LPM without top dressing of CF delayed onion growth at mid and late stage. But when the LPM was applied as basal fertilizer and CF was added for top dressing, onion growth was maintained until late growth stage. The nutrient uptake of LPM and top-dressing by CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) were similar to CF (rice)/CF (onion). The highest yield of onion bulb was 58.5 Mg ha-1 at CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) treatment, but showed no significant difference with other treatments except CF (rice)/LPM only (onion) and no fertilization (rice)/no fertilization (onion) treatments. In conclusion, in double cropping system of rice followed by onion, rice was capable of being grown by only liquid pig manure but additive chemical fertilizer was needed for optimal onion growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.814-819
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• 2004

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on feed intake and nutrient utilization of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing managements were adopted. The first was a shed- 20'${\times}$10' structure with all the four sides of 6' chain link fencing with central height of 10'. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets, with mud floorings. The second was an open corral- 20'${\times}$10' open space with all the four sides covered with 6' chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08:00 to 17:00 h during the yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed according to two housing systems (Shed and Open Corral). Three digestion trials were conducted during three defined seasons of monsoon, winter and summer seasons to determine the effect of housing on nutrient intake and utilization. Blood samples were collected in three seasons for the estimation of hemoglobin and glucose. Dry and wet bulb temperatures were recorded at 06:00 A.M. and 09:00 P.M. using suitable thermometers both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that the shed was always warmer compared to open corral. The daily dry matter intake (DMI, g/d) was 965, 615 and 982 in sheep housed under shed and 971, 625 and 1,001 in those housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer season, respectively. These differences were however non-significant (p>0.05). The digestibility of DM was 45.92, 45.13 and 50.30 in sheep housed under shed and 43.64, 45.02 and 55.02 in sheep housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer seasons, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the digestibility of nutrients in sheep maintained under shed and in open corral. Blood Hb concentration was 13.97, 14.13 and 13.15 in sheep housed under shed and 15.27, 13.63 and 14.82 in those kept in open corral, whereas blood glucose concentration was 59.67, 59.70 and 52.33 in sheep under shed and 61.00, 61.00 and 57.83 in open corral, during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. There was also no significant effect of housing on the body weight changes, wool yield and survivability in ewes. Although housing had no significant effect on nutrient intake, their utilization and blood parameters, there was significant effect on the physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained under the two housing systems (Bhatta et al., 2004). It can be concluded from this study that the housing systems didn't have any significant effect on the nutrient intake and utilization of native breed like Malpura, which were well adapted to the hot semi-arid conditions of India. However, while deciding provisions for housing of different breeds of sheep (both crossbred and native) parameters like physiological responses, energy expenditure, health conditions and overall economics of the systems should be taken into consideration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 1999

Two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) are identified in the brain of adult mature spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax sp.) by immunohistochemical methods. Salmon GnRH immunoreactive (sGnRH-ir) cell bodies were distributed in the olfactory bulb, ventral telencephalon and preoptic region. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the vicinity of the brain including the olfactory bulbs, the telencephalon, the optic nerve, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and rostral spinal cord. In most cases, these fibers did not form well defined bundles. However, there was a clear continuum of immunoreactive fibers, extending from the olfactory bulbs to the pituitary. cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were only found in olfactory bulbs. However, the distribution of cGnRH-II-ir fibers was basically similar to that of sGnRH-ir fibers except for the absence of their continuity between the olfactory bulbs and the pituitary. These data suggest that sGnRH and cGnRH-II are endogenous peptides and indicate the presence of multiple neuroendocrine functions in the brain of the spotted sea bass. It seems that sGnRH not only regulates GTH secretion but also functions as a neurotransmitter, whereas cGnRH-II functions only as a neurotransmitter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1989

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of Bactokil(made from didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride isopropanol and water) and Taipet-F (made from natural vitamin E, L-ascorbic acid, glyceride and gallic acid) on retarding lipid oxidation in boiled-dried anchovy. To process boiled-dried anchovy, boiled anchovy dried in cabinet drier $(dry-bulb\;temperature\;40^{\circ}C)$ for 1 hour were fronted with the Bactokil, the Taipet-F and mixture of Bactokil and Taipet-F, respectively. Anchovy fronted with chemicals were redried for 8 hours, packed in polyethylene film bag, and then stored at room temperature $(24{\pm}3^{\circ}C)$. These products were compared with control(untreated with chemicals) during storage. The changes in volatile basic nitrogen of each product was negligible during storage. The thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values of each product increased up to 10 days of storage, and then decreased. In color value of each product, L value increased, while n, b and ${\bigtriangleup}E$ values decreased during storage. The changes in brown pigment formation of each product increased up to final stage of storage. From the results of chemical analysis and sensory evaluation, the product treated with Taipet-F(0.5%, v/v) was the most effective on retarding lipid oxidation of the boiled -dried anchovy, followed by the product treated withthe mixture of Bactokil (0.04%, v/v) and Taipet-F (0.5%, v/v), the product treated with Bactokil(0.04%, v/v) and control, in the order named.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2007

Purpose: Ischemic enterocolitis (IEC) is the total or partial infarction of the intestine in the absence of occlusion of a major mesenteric blood vessel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of IEC in children. Methods: A clinical analysis of 6 patients with IEC who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics at Pusan National University Hospital, between 1996 and 2005 was conducted retrospectively. Patients were diagnosed with IEC based on clinical characteristics, including radiologic, endoscopic, histopathologic, and intraoperative findings. Results: Four boys and 2 girls between the age of 6 weeks and 6 years were included in this study. Most of the patients were born at term and had a birth weight that was appropriate for their gestational age. The major symptoms of IEC observed included hematochezia or hematemesis (5 cases), vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain or irritability (4 cases), as well as abdominal distension and fever (3 cases). IEC occurred in thecolon in 5 cases (2 descending colon, 1 descending and sigmoid colon, 1 sigmoid colon, 1 whole colon) and the duodenal bulb and gastric antrum in 1 case each. The type of the lesions observed includedulcera, which were found in 3 cases, perforation, which was pbserved in 2 cases, necrotic patches, which were observed in 2 cases, stricture, which was observedin 1 cases, and massive membranous desquamation of the epithelium, which was observed in 1 case. Two of the patients received surgical treatment and the remaining four were treated conservatively. None of the patients died. Conclusion: The presentation of IEC varies, and the findings of this study will be helpful in managing patients with IEC.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2008

Pinewood nematode (PWN) trapping by nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys conoides, A. dactyloides and A. oligospora and the fungal growth were characterized. The three Arthrobotrys species each was inoculated into the PWN cultured on Botrytis cinera fungal colony on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The effects of temperature, pH, PWN inoculation density and nutrients on the growth of the three Arthrobotrys spp were measured. A. conoides grew fast, 13.9 mm/day while A. dactyloides grew slow, 3 mm/day. PDA medium was the best for the fungal growth at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5. The Arthrobotrys spp growth was stimulated by 500 nematodes inoculation but not by 1000 inoculation. A. dactyloides did not grow below pH 4.5 and at high PWN density. A. conoides and A oligospora formed trapping organs with thick constricting hyphal network only when PWN present, while A. dactyloides formed the organ with circular hyphae constitutively. A. conoides formed trapping organs faster than A. oligospora did. The nematode trapping hyphae of the fungi penetrated into PNW inside to form many tiny infection bulbs and to digest the nematode. However, A. dactyloides formed a few trapping organs but no trapping was observed. Infection rate of PWN was 95% by A. conoides, 80% by A. oligospora and 92% by the combination inoculation of A. conoides and A. oligospora. In contrast A. dactyloides increased PWN density without infecton. There was no interaction effect in any combination inoculation of the three Arthrobotrys spp. A. conoides enhanced PWN infection rate by rapid hyphal growth and early trapping, while A. oligospora did it by increasing hyphal density. In conclusion A. conoides is the most effective in both hyphal growth and infection, and thus these characteristics can be utilized as a biological control of PWN.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was undertaken to investigate the association between diagnostic indices of metabolic syndrome(MetS) with carotid intima-media thickness using ultrasonography. The participants in the study were 315 male employees without carotid atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Written informed consent for the participants in this study was obtained from all individuals. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical characteristics were done using each specific equipments and the NCEP-ATP III criteria were used to define MetS. They were examined by B-mode ultrasound to measure the carotid intima-media thickness(carotid IMT) at the near and far walls of common carotid and bifurcation(bulb). The mean carotid IMT was $0.739{\pm}0.137\;mm$ and it's thickness significantly increased with the increase in age. Also, amounts of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose were significantly increased with the increase in age. Carotid IMT were significantly correlated with BMI(r=0.170, p=0.004), systolic(r=0.148, p=0.011) and diastolic blood pressure(r=0.123, p=0.036) and HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.164, p=0.005). On multiple logistic regression analysis for the diagnostic indices of MetS, carotid IMT were significantly associated with blood pressure(OR=4.220, p<0.01) and MetS(OR=1.301, p<0.05). The results indicate that blood pressure and MetS are important risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1999

The effect of fire-retardant treatment and redrying on the mechanical properties of radiata pine sapwood were evaluated. Small, clear specimens were treated with three different fire-retardant(FR) chemicals, borax-boric acid(BRX), minalith(MIN), and pyresote(PYR), with target retentions of 30 and 60kg/$m^3$, and then redried at maximum dry-bulb temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ or $110^{\circ}C$. Each specimen, including untreated and water-treated controls, was tested in static bending and in compression parallel to grain. The extent of strength reduction was dependent on the type of FR chemicals, retention, and redrying temperature, and a highly significant interaction existed between FR treatment and redrying temperature. Modulus of rupture(MOR) and work to maximum load(WML) were significantly decreased by FR treatment and redrying. None of three FR chemicals adversely affect modulus of elasticity (MOE) and maximum crushing strength(MCS). MOE of BRX treatment and MCS of both BRX and PYR treatment increased significantly compared to untreated controls. No significant differences existed between retention levels except for MOE and MCS of some combinations of FR chemicals and redrying temperatures. Although MOE and MCS was not significantly affected by any of the redrying temperatures, these properties were generally decreased with the increase in redrying temperature. The significant reduction in MOR and WML was observed in BRX treatment when dried at temperatures of $60^{\circ}C$ and above, and in MIN and PYR treatment when dried at temperatures of $80^{\circ}C$ and above. Consequently, BRX-treated radiata pine should not be redried at temperatures >$60^{\circ}C$, and MIN- and PYR-treated radiata pine should not be redried at temperatures > $80^{\circ}C$ where bending strength and energy-related properties are important design considerations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.452-457
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• 2007

In this study, Lilium sp. were separated into bulbs, leaves, and flowers. Then, total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial activity were measured from the extracts of each of the three aforementioned parts. The examination of physiologically active substances in the three parts revealed that Lilium davidii leaves had high total polyphenol contents, SOD-like activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and EDA, while the flowers of L. lancifolium showed high SOD-like activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and EDA, as well as a high level of total polyphenols in the bulb. Measurements of the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Gram positive bacteria revealed that the leaves and flowers of L. davidii and L. lancifolium caused Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enteritidis to form clear zones greater than 10 mm. Furthermore, the flowers of L. lancifolium showed particularly high antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, and the flowers of L. davidii had high activity against S. enteritidis. For the Gram negative bacteria, the leaves and flowers of L. davidii and L. lancifolium caused Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli to form clear zones greater than 10 mm, and finally, the flowers of L. davidii and L. lancifolium showed high antibacterial activity, with inhibition exceeding 12 mm.