• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

This study examined the effect of moisture level at ensiling on fermentation characteristics of barley and rye silage. The moisture levels, 60 (low; LM), 70(medium; MM) and 80% (high; HM), were controled by adding water or pre-wilting. Barley silage had higher pH and latate:acetate ratio in LM than the other treatments, but those of rye in MM were higher. The concentrations of lactate, total FA and acetate in HM were higher than the other treatments, but propionate concentration in LM was higher than HM. Total N concentrations of barley and rye were highest in MM and LM, respectively. The $NH_3-N$ concentration and total N:$NH_3-N$ ratio of barley were higher in HM than those in LM and MM. With increasing moisture content, buffering capacity of barley and rye silages increased, whereas decreased by increase of pH. There was a negative correlation between moisture content vs. pH of barley and rye silages. However, moisture content vs. the concentrations of total VFA and $NH_3-N$ and the ratio of total N:$NH_3-N$ had a positive correlation. Tn conclusion, the ideal moisture content of barley and rye for silage was 70-80%, but silage quality could be rapidly decreased by pre-wilting to 60% moisture content.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of selecting commercially available blending teas and applying them to bovine teeth on color change over time. Methods: After selecting healthy bovine teeth, using a cutting-disc, 105 specimens with a dimension of 5×5×3 mm were prepared, and 15 specimens were distributed to each group. Black tea was used as a positive control, water was used as a negative control, and blended tea of five types was used as an experimental group. First, pH and buffering capacity were measured with a pH meter, and tooth color was determined using a spectrophotometer before immersion in the blending tea solution and 1, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after immersion. Thereafter, the shape change of the enamel surface was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and SPSS ver.26 was used to analyze the color change. Results: The average pH of the five blending teas in the experimental group was 3.78, and the pH of group 3 (strawberry rhubarb) was the lowest at 3.22. The pH levels of black tea and water were 5.19 and 7.30, respectively. The buffering capacity was the highest in group 3 at both pH levels of 5.5 and 7.0. The L^*a^*b^* color change according to immersion time was the largest in group 4 (rooibos yellow flower), and the amount of color change was large in black tea and group 4. As a result of observing the enamel surface of bovine teeth, changes in the surface shape were noted in all groups immersed in the experimental solution for 21 days, except for water. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the experimental groups in terms of color change according to the immersion time, and color and enamel surface changes were observed in black tea and all experimental groups, except for water.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.702-710
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• 1991

The effects of washing and desinewing on the composition, fuctional properties, storage stability and texture of spent layer meat were investigated. Spent layer meat subjected to treatments involving water washing, bicarbonate washing and desinewing showed increases in moisture content and decreases in protein content, hydroxyproline content and heme pigment content. Increases in salt extractable protein content and water holding capacity and decreases in buffering capacity and emulsifying capacity were also observed. The 2-thiobarbituric acid values of washed and desinewed samples increased slowly during storage indicated the increase in storage stability compared to the control. Sample rolls prepared from bicarbonate washed and desinewed thigh and drumstick meats were scored by trained sensory panelists as less tough than the products made of ground thigh and drumstick meats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.8-11
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• 1997

Current methods of evaluating soil contamination by heavy metals rely on analyzing samples for total contents of metals or quantities recovered in various chemical extracting solutions. Results from these approaches provide only an index for evaluation because these methodologies yield values not directly related to bioavailability of soil-borne metals. In addition, even though concentrations of metals may be less than those required to cause toxic effects to biota, they may cause substantial effects on soil chemical parameters that determine soil quality and sustainable productivity. The objective of this research was to characterize effects of Cu or Cd additions on soil solution chemistry of soil quality indices, such as pH, EC, nutrient cation distribution and quantity/intensity relations (buffer capacity). Metals were added at rates ranging from 0 to 400 mg/kg of soil. Soil solution was sequentially extracted from saturated pastes using vacuum. Concentrations of Cu or Cd remaining in soil solutions were very low as compared to those added to the soils, warranting that most of the added metals were recovered as nonavailable (strongly adsorbed) fractions. Adsorption of the added metals released cations into soil solution causing increases of soluble cation contents and thus ionic strength of soil solution. At metal additions of 200~400 mg/kg, EC of soil solution increased to as much as 2~4 dS/m; salinity levels considered high enough to cause detrimental effects on plant production. More divalent cations (Ca+Mg) than monovalent cations (K+Na) were exchanged by Cu or Cd adsorption. The loss of exchangeable nutrient cations decreased long-term nutrient supplying capacity or each soil. At 100 mg/kg or metal loading, the buffering capacity was decreased by 60%. pH of soil solution decreased linearly with increasing metal loading rates, with a decrement of up to 1.3 units at 400 mg Cu/kg addition. Influences of Cu on each of these soil quality parameters were consistently greater than those of Cd. These effects were of a detrimental nature and large enough in most cases to significantly impact soil productivity. It is clear that new protocols are needed for evaluating potential effects of heavy metal loading of soils.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is the evaluation of adsorption capacity of casts for heavy metals comparing with the activated carbon. The casts was obtained from vermicomposting of the mixed organic sludges which were generated from the treatment facilities for leather wastewater and cattle wastewater. The physico-chemical characteristics of cast was investigated. Also, the batch adsorption experiments of cast and activated carbon for heavy metals were carried out, and the results were analyzed by Freundlich isotherm. The buffering capacity to the acidic wastewater was founded in the cast, and the cation exchange capacity of cast impling adsorption capacity for soluble substances was evaluated as about 55me/100g. Those were implied that the cast have a large potential as a good adsorbent for soluble pollutants in wastewater. From the results of batch experiments, the removal efficiencies of tested various heavy metals including Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr were very high value as 89-98% for the activated car-bon, and 80~95% for the casts except for Zn. The adsorption equilibriums for the two materials were achieved within 90 minutes. The order of preferable metals in the adsorption was found to be Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Zn on the cast and to be Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn on the activated carbon, respectively. From the above results, it might be con-cluded that cast is effectively available as a good adsorbent to treating the heavy metal bearing wastewater.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

Interactions of phosphorus and zinc in soils are important to determine the availability of the elements because those elements are closely related in the agricultural environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions of P and Zn using desorption quantity (Q)-intensily(I) isotherms. Physically and chemically different soils, acidic Egan, acidic sandy Egeland, calcareous Glenham, and neutral Maddock, were used. The soils were enriched with different concentrations of P and Zn as $KH_2PO_4$ and $ZnSO_4$ solutions, respectively. Zinc enrichments affected availability of P in the Egan soil, which contained higher amounts of clay, organic matter, and exchangeable Fe than the other soils tested. After Zn enrichments, the pH drastically decreased in Egeland sandy soil, not changed in the calcarious Glenham soil, and slightly decreased in Egan and Maddock soil systems. The values of $Q_{max}$ and $I_0$ of phosphorus decreased with increasing Zn concentrations enriched in all soils, the changes of those values did not influence the P buffering power, |$BP_o$| values, in most soils. The influences of P treatment on Zn availability were varied. The values of Zn buffering capacity, $BC_{Zn}$, were lowest in the Egeland soil that had the lowest soil pH, amounts of clay minerals, organic matter, CEC, and exchangeable Fe, and were highest in the calcareous Glenham soil. The $BC_{Zn}$ values ranged from 202 to 4480. With P application, the changes of $BC_{Zn}$ values were more affected by the changes of soil solution Zn contents (I) than the changes of DTPA extractable Zn contents(Q). The change of Q and I values was found to be dependent upon soil properties, especially, soil pH.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.22 no.A
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• pp.127-135
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• 2002

In this study, the preliminary risk assessment for the underground storage tanks(UST) in Chunchon city was implemented using the geographical information system(GIS). The estimation variables, such as the installation year, storage capacity, the distances from streams, and from groundwater pumping wells, were selected to estimate the relative risk levels. The weighting factors were given to all the estimation variables. Cumulative scores were induced by the combination of all the scores of the corresponding variables using the buffering technique and the overlay analysis in ArcView. Using the these process, the relative risk level of each UST was estimated. Some sites in this study are simplified and reduced because the number of useable data are limited or too enormous. Thus the selection of the comprehensive estimation variables and the proper weighting values are required for the future study. The methodology in this study could be served not only for the preliminary risk assessment of UST but also for the selection of the proper location of new and old UST. And, it can be used for the effective management system of UST.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 1988

This study was carried out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 100 and 200kg/ha) and formaldehyde (0.4,0.8 and 1.2%: w/w CM) on the chemical composition, dry matter (DM) yield and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forage rape (Brassica napus Subsp. oleifera) silage. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Forage rape was a catch crop which was highly digestible and low concentration in NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. 2. The concentration of the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and buffering capacity (PK) was 17.9% and 6.77g/100g, respectively, provided the WSC to PK ratio was 2.65. 3. DM content of silage decreased as the rate of N fertilization increased, but concentration of ammonia-N decreased. IVDMD was not affected by the rate of N fertilization. 4. By the addition of formaldehyde, the pH and IVDMD were increased, but the DM, lactic acid, total organic acid and ammonia-N content of rape silage were decreased, that was effective as a silage additive for forage rape.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

Present study aimed to investigate recovering effect of propolis on blood components and tissues of mouse after low dose irradiation. It is verified that the contents of Fe, Mg, P, Zn and Cu in propolis dosed blood are increased slightly than irradiated blood, however, the contents of Ba and Pb are decreased to one tenth than irradiated blood and the contents of Fe and P are increased to 10% than control group. We consider this result as the propolis acts a role of defence factor minimizing changes of elements caused by irradiation in blood. Among the blood components, Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) value is increased after the radiation but after dosed with propolis and irradiated the value is decreased, suggesting that propolis as a buffering material against irradiation. After dosed with propolis, a number of spermatogenic cells are lowered in testis tissue, however, nucleus and cytoplasm are clearly observed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatid cells. And nucleus and membrane of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule of renal tissue are clearly observed. Also, cytoplasmand membrane of surface mucous cells in stomach tissue are appeared in normal which is almost like those of control group. We consider that the propolis used in this study is preventing deformations of cells increasing resistance capacity against irradiation rather than recovering damaged tissues.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are prevalent in the human colon and represent up to 90% of all bacteria in fecal samples of breast-fed infants, and 3~5% of adult fecal microbiota. Bifidobacteria produce organic acids, thus reducing the colon pH to a level inhibitory for pathogenic bacteria. They can also detoxify a number of toxic compounds and adhere to the colon mucosa, thus preventing the adherence of pathogens and induction of colon cancer. Recently, we identified a novel Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strain, KACC 91563, in a fecal sample of a Korean neonate, and demonstrated its functional properties. We showed that B. longum KACC 91563 alleviates food allergy through mast cell suppression and produces antioxidative and antihypertensive peptides by casein hydrolysis. Dairy products are considered as an ideal food system for the delivery of probiotic cultures to the human gastrointestinal tract. Cheese affords protection to probiotic microbes during gastric transit due to its relatively high pH, more solid consistency, higher fat content, and higher buffering capacity. Incorporation of B. longum KACC 91563 into cheese making is currently under study.