• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 1991

Changes in total lipid content. total cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of human milk were investigated longitudinaly from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum Milk samples were collected from 19 Korean lactating women at 2-5 days and at 1. 2. 4. 6. and 12 weeks postpartum. The obtained results were as follows : On average the daily energy intake protein intake and fat intake of Korean lactating women was 1812 kcal 72.5g and 29.8g respectively. The composition ratio of energy consis-ting of protein fat and carbohydrate was 16:15:69 The total lipid content increased from 1.39g/이 at 2-5 days to 2.86g/dl at 12 weeks ; while the total cholesterol concentration (mg/g) decreased significantly with time following postpartum. The total unsaturated fatty acids content was higher in colostrum than in mature milk. and the total saturated fatty acids were higher in mature milk. The average DHA content was 0.55% and the P/S ratio of human milk lipids was 0.37.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.361-370
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the medical nutrition therapy of premature infants. The general characteristics, presence of metabolic disorders, hematological profile and feeding methods were compared between the premature infant group (<37 weeks, n=61) and the full-term infant group (37$\sim$42 weeks, n=165). Birth weight (p<0.0001), birth length (p<0.005), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores (p<0.0001) of the neonates were all statistically lower in the premature infant group. Jaundice cases (p<0.0001) were statistically higher in the premature infant group. White blood cell counts (WBC: p<0.005), mean corpuscular volume (MCV: p<0001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH: p<0.005), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC: p<0.005), and mean platelet volume (MPV: p<0.05) were statistically lower in the premature infant group. The premature infant group were fed a higher rate of premature formula than breast milk and the full-term infant group were fed a high rate of human milk at a higher rate, showing differences in kinds of feeding methods (p<0.0001) between the two groups. An infant's birth weight showed a significantly positive correlation with the infant's birth length (p<0.0001), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores(p<0.0001). The birth length also showed a significantly positive correlation with both head circumference (p<0.05) and chest circumference (p<0.05). Head circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with chest circumference (p<0.0001) and Apgar scores (p<0.0001). Chest circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with Apgar scores (p<0.0001). In addition, the Apgar Score at of 1 minute after birth showed a significantly positive correlation with the Apgar score at of 5 minute after birth (p<0.0001).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2010

Human milk is frequently the only food source for a newborn during the initial stage of life after birth. Milk provides not only the nutrients necessary for the infant's growth, but also ingredients that may enable the infant to thrive. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to be these beneficial ingredients for the health of infant. It has been reported that around 5 to 10 g unbound oligosaccharides and around 20 to over 130 different HMO are present in 1L of human milk. The suggested health mechanisms of HMO's roles in host defense are 1) blocking bacterial adhesions, 2) binding to a toxin receptor on the extracellular domain, and 3) postbiotic effect resulting from the increase of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Among the prebiotic oligosaccharides, mixtures of long chain fuetooligosaccharides (10%) and galactooligosaccharides (90%) in infant formula are demonstrated to increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli to the levels seen in human milk fed infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.53 no.10
• /
• pp.917-920
• /
• 2010

Although milky nipple discharge appears frequently in infants, bloody nipple discharge is a very rare finding. We experienced a 4-month-old, breast-fed infant who showed bilateral bloody nipple discharge with no signs of infection, engorgement, or hypertrophy. The infant's hormonal examination and coagulation tests were normal, and an ultrasound examination revealed mammary duct ectasia. The symptoms resolved spontaneously within 6 weeks without any specific treatment, except that we advised the mother to refrain from taking herbal medicine. Since no such case has been previously reported in Korea, we present this case with a brief review of the literature.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2017

The intestinal microbiota has increasingly been shown to have a vital role in various aspects of human health. Among the vast gut bacterial community, Bifidobacterium is a genus which dominates the intestine of healthy breast-fed infants whereas in adulthood the levels are lower but relatively stable. Evidence is increasingly accumulating which shows beneficial effects of supplementation with Bifidobacteria for the improvement of human health conditions ranging from protection against infection to various positive effects. However, Bifidobacterium has not been actively studied while consumption of probiotics has greatly been increased as functional foods in Korea. The aim of this article is to introduce various studies and excellent reviews on the role of Bifidobacteria for human health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.477-485
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 1997

In this study, I made researches of 510 mothers who breed their infants in total (256 boys & 254 girls), among which 410 in urban area and 100 in the rural area, as an object of the investigation so as to make an intensive examination and analysis of the actual state of feeding nutritive method, grasp several related factors, and finally suggest the elementary data for both campaign encouraging breast feeding and the infant feeding education. 1. Mothers showed the meaningful local differences as in an education and income level at 1% and as in a delivery type at 5%. 2. To have decided the feeding conditions according to the residences by the Kaup index distribution (P<0.05) resulted in a meaningful difference according to regions and also made us be more thoughtful of the overnutrition in the urban area than in the rural area, and it didn't showed a meaningful difference the nutritive state according to the infant feeding method thought desirable (P<0.01). 3. The feeding methods consist of breast feeding at 21.8%, artificial feeding at 48.8%, and the mixed one at 29.4%. As for the feeding method thought desirable, breast feeding was 52%. Even though they were thinking that breast feeding is better, the breast feeding case didn't go beyond 32.5% only and as for the actual feeding methods it showed a meaningful difference according to the feeding method thought desirable (P<0.01). 4. Regarding the reasons why they chose breast milk, it was 64%, the most because mother's milk contains the immune system, 63.1% for the baby's health, 52.3% because of its most because breast milk is of little quantity, 37.8% because of the mother's occupation, 14.1% because they have fed the baby artificially from the beginning and so on. Considering the reasons why they chose the mixed feeding, it was 70.7%, the most because the amount of breast milk a little, 27.3%, the next one, because of the mother's occupation and so on. 5. The respondents who answered that how to increase the number of breast feeding population depends on the reinforcement of breast feeding education for the women were 190 (37.3%), the most among all 150 persons and those who had the opinion that they should spread and actualize the temporary childcare rest (from office) system for the women who have jobs were the secondly most, 107 (21%).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.5
• /
• pp.468-473
• /
• 2008

Purpose : Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is still one of the most common nutrient deficiency disorders, despite improvements in general health and nutrition. This study was designed to investigate the diagnostic values of hematological profiles, including the level of ferritin, and to evaluate the knowledge of mothers on weaning practices for infants and young children with IDA. Methods : This study was conducted on 111 infants and young children from six to 40 months of age with IDA. Their parents completed a questionnaire. IDA was defined as a level of hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL, the presence of microcytosis, a level of ferritin <10.0 ng/dL, transferrin saturation <15%, or an 1 g/dL increase in the level of hemoglobin after iron administration. The questionnaire made inquiries into their weaning practices. Results : In 111 infants and young children aged from six to 40 months, the average level of Hb was $9.5{\pm}1.0g/dL$. The prevalence of ferritin level (>10 ng/dL) was 48.6%, in spite of IDA. Seventy-four infants (66.7%) began to wean between four and six months, and 37 infants (33.3%) after seven months of age. The main food given after weaning was rice gruel. The weaning periods showed a significant relationship to the severity of anemia (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the severity of anemia in terms of the educational levels of the mothers. Fifty-five mothers (49.5%) gave a wrong answer to a questionnaire describing that breast-fed infants aged over four months need to be fed with iron-sufficient food. Of all mothers, 49.6% took one month or more to complete the weaning process and 20% took three months or more. Conclusion : Many infants and young children with IDA have been provided with non-iron fortified foods and inadequate weaning. To improve nutritional status, especially among infants with iron deficiencies, nutritional education for mothers with infants at the weaning age must be increased and related programs must be implemented effectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.96-103
• /
• 1970

No foods are available commercially for weanling infants except a limited amount of expensive milk products in Korea. Although the majority of infants are breast-fed, when it is not possible, rice products must usually be substituted which is not sufficient in protein. Therefore, it is urgent to develop low-cost quality protein food mixtures. In order to accomplish this purpose three food mixtures (F-S-2, F-F-3 and F-P-4), consisting of rice (37∼46%), soybean (24∼40%), FPC (3∼7%), vitamins, minerals and other food additives, are developed. The food mixtures are white to light yellow in color; dispersed readily in water with water absorption index 320; viable bacterial population, less than $10^4$ per gram; sedimentation value, 63; Bostwick consistency value, 15cm/30%; and ring test value, 23cm/30%. The products contain 22∼25% protein and ensure reasonably balanced essential amino acids for the requirement of infants compared with FAO provisional pattern, Rao's maximum growth requirements and Holt's amino acid requirements in early life. Although threonine is limiting, protein score of F-P-4 formula is 93 based on the modified FAO provisional pattern (1965). Furthermore, a 100g of the products supplies required amounts of vitamins and minerals by the recommended daily dietary allowances for infants.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.5
• /
• pp.65-80
• /
• 1984

The purpose of this study was the description of general trends in feeding, weaning and toilet training in agricultural and fishing communities in Korea, where the traditions are better preserved; thereby to present useful material for improving child rearing practices. The results of this study showed that: 1) Breast-feeding is the dominant form of nursing. The mother nurses freely whenever the baby wants to be fed. The mother caresses the baby while she nurses him. The nursing period is relatively long, up to 1 and a half years. 2) Generally, the time of weaning starts late - between 9 months and 18 months. Many mothers apply a bitter tasting solution to their nipples to aid weaning. The many things give a baby foods, the recipe for which the acquire knowledge from his family and acquaintances. 3) Toilet training generally starts after 1 full year. Potties are commonly used. The infant is reminded of its error whenever it makes a mistake and cleanliness is stressed. Urination and defecation are taught to be dirty things. In summary, discipline is not strict enforced but given naturally as the infants grow: This was interpreted in terms of the traditional way of life and geographical characteristics.