• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 1991

Changes in total lipid content. total cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of human milk were investigated longitudinaly from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum Milk samples were collected from 19 Korean lactating women at 2-5 days and at 1. 2. 4. 6. and 12 weeks postpartum. The obtained results were as follows : On average the daily energy intake protein intake and fat intake of Korean lactating women was 1812 kcal 72.5g and 29.8g respectively. The composition ratio of energy consis-ting of protein fat and carbohydrate was 16:15:69 The total lipid content increased from 1.39g/이 at 2-5 days to 2.86g/dl at 12 weeks ; while the total cholesterol concentration (mg/g) decreased significantly with time following postpartum. The total unsaturated fatty acids content was higher in colostrum than in mature milk. and the total saturated fatty acids were higher in mature milk. The average DHA content was 0.55% and the P/S ratio of human milk lipids was 0.37.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the medical nutrition therapy of premature infants. The general characteristics, presence of metabolic disorders, hematological profile and feeding methods were compared between the premature infant group (<37 weeks, n=61) and the full-term infant group (37$\sim$42 weeks, n=165). Birth weight (p<0.0001), birth length (p<0.005), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores (p<0.0001) of the neonates were all statistically lower in the premature infant group. Jaundice cases (p<0.0001) were statistically higher in the premature infant group. White blood cell counts (WBC: p<0.005), mean corpuscular volume (MCV: p<0001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH: p<0.005), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC: p<0.005), and mean platelet volume (MPV: p<0.05) were statistically lower in the premature infant group. The premature infant group were fed a higher rate of premature formula than breast milk and the full-term infant group were fed a high rate of human milk at a higher rate, showing differences in kinds of feeding methods (p<0.0001) between the two groups. An infant's birth weight showed a significantly positive correlation with the infant's birth length (p<0.0001), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores(p<0.0001). The birth length also showed a significantly positive correlation with both head circumference (p<0.05) and chest circumference (p<0.05). Head circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with chest circumference (p<0.0001) and Apgar scores (p<0.0001). Chest circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with Apgar scores (p<0.0001). In addition, the Apgar Score at of 1 minute after birth showed a significantly positive correlation with the Apgar score at of 5 minute after birth (p<0.0001).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Human milk is frequently the only food source for a newborn during the initial stage of life after birth. Milk provides not only the nutrients necessary for the infant's growth, but also ingredients that may enable the infant to thrive. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to be these beneficial ingredients for the health of infant. It has been reported that around 5 to 10 g unbound oligosaccharides and around 20 to over 130 different HMO are present in 1L of human milk. The suggested health mechanisms of HMO's roles in host defense are 1) blocking bacterial adhesions, 2) binding to a toxin receptor on the extracellular domain, and 3) postbiotic effect resulting from the increase of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Among the prebiotic oligosaccharides, mixtures of long chain fuetooligosaccharides (10%) and galactooligosaccharides (90%) in infant formula are demonstrated to increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli to the levels seen in human milk fed infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.917-920
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• 2010

Although milky nipple discharge appears frequently in infants, bloody nipple discharge is a very rare finding. We experienced a 4-month-old, breast-fed infant who showed bilateral bloody nipple discharge with no signs of infection, engorgement, or hypertrophy. The infant's hormonal examination and coagulation tests were normal, and an ultrasound examination revealed mammary duct ectasia. The symptoms resolved spontaneously within 6 weeks without any specific treatment, except that we advised the mother to refrain from taking herbal medicine. Since no such case has been previously reported in Korea, we present this case with a brief review of the literature.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

The intestinal microbiota has increasingly been shown to have a vital role in various aspects of human health. Among the vast gut bacterial community, Bifidobacterium is a genus which dominates the intestine of healthy breast-fed infants whereas in adulthood the levels are lower but relatively stable. Evidence is increasingly accumulating which shows beneficial effects of supplementation with Bifidobacteria for the improvement of human health conditions ranging from protection against infection to various positive effects. However, Bifidobacterium has not been actively studied while consumption of probiotics has greatly been increased as functional foods in Korea. The aim of this article is to introduce various studies and excellent reviews on the role of Bifidobacteria for human health.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.477-485
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 1997

In this study, I made researches of 510 mothers who breed their infants in total (256 boys & 254 girls), among which 410 in urban area and 100 in the rural area, as an object of the investigation so as to make an intensive examination and analysis of the actual state of feeding nutritive method, grasp several related factors, and finally suggest the elementary data for both campaign encouraging breast feeding and the infant feeding education. 1. Mothers showed the meaningful local differences as in an education and income level at 1% and as in a delivery type at 5%. 2. To have decided the feeding conditions according to the residences by the Kaup index distribution (P<0.05) resulted in a meaningful difference according to regions and also made us be more thoughtful of the overnutrition in the urban area than in the rural area, and it didn't showed a meaningful difference the nutritive state according to the infant feeding method thought desirable (P<0.01). 3. The feeding methods consist of breast feeding at 21.8%, artificial feeding at 48.8%, and the mixed one at 29.4%. As for the feeding method thought desirable, breast feeding was 52%. Even though they were thinking that breast feeding is better, the breast feeding case didn't go beyond 32.5% only and as for the actual feeding methods it showed a meaningful difference according to the feeding method thought desirable (P<0.01). 4. Regarding the reasons why they chose breast milk, it was 64%, the most because mother's milk contains the immune system, 63.1% for the baby's health, 52.3% because of its most because breast milk is of little quantity, 37.8% because of the mother's occupation, 14.1% because they have fed the baby artificially from the beginning and so on. Considering the reasons why they chose the mixed feeding, it was 70.7%, the most because the amount of breast milk a little, 27.3%, the next one, because of the mother's occupation and so on. 5. The respondents who answered that how to increase the number of breast feeding population depends on the reinforcement of breast feeding education for the women were 190 (37.3%), the most among all 150 persons and those who had the opinion that they should spread and actualize the temporary childcare rest (from office) system for the women who have jobs were the secondly most, 107 (21%).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.468-473
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• 2008

목 적 : IDA로 진단된 영유아의 어머니를 대상으로 수유 방법과 이유 진행사항 등의 실태를 조사하였고, 설문지 답변을 통하여 어머니가 가지고 있는 이유식에 대한 지식을 알아보았고, 그들의 이유식 관련 지식과 실제 나타나는 현실과의 차이점을 분석하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 3월부터 2007년 5월까지 인하대병원 외래 또는 입원한 영유아 중 IDA로 진단 받은 6-40개월 환아 111명(남:여=1.6:1)의 어머니를 대상으로 이유 실태 조사 및 이유지식에 관한 설문조사를 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 1) 혈액학적인 분포는 Hb는 $9.5{\pm}1.0g/dL$이었고, Hb 8 g/dL미만이 8.1%이었고, 9 g/dL 미만이 27.9%에 달하였다. MCV 70미만이 92명(82.8%)이었다. IDA가 분명한데도 페리틴 10 ng/dL 이상인 경우가 54명(48.6%)에 달하였다. 2) 이유식을 3개월 또는 그 이전에 이유식을 시작한 경우는 한 예도 없었고, 7개월 이후에 시작한 경우가 33.3%에 달하였다. 이유식의 평균 시작시기는 6.4 개월이었으며, 4-6개월에 시작한 경우(n=74)의 Hb은 $9.6{\pm}1.0g/dL$으로서, 7개월 이후에 시작한 경우(n=37)의 Hb $9.3{\pm}1.0g/dL$에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 3) 이유식의 시작 시기가 늦을수록 Hb 수치가 낮게 나타났고, 생후 6개월까지 모유수유만 하고 이유식을 시작하지 않은 영유아들의 Hb 수치가 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 4) 처음 시도하는 이유식으로는 미음(82.6%), 과일즙(10.8%), 선식(4.5%) 등 순이었고, 주로 먹는 이유식의 종류는 야채죽(38.7%), 미음(36.9%), 과일즙(17.1%)의 순이었다. 주로 사용한 이유식은 집에서 만든 것이 87명(78.3%)이었고, 상품화된 이유식 사용은 7명(6.3%)이었다. 5) 어머니의 이유지식 점수는 대졸이상 그룹과 고졸 그룹 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 이유지식이 IDA중증도에 미치는 영향도 유의하지 않았다. 6) 이유식을 시도하여 4주 이내에 완성된 경우가 56명(50.4 %) 이었고, 나머지는 1개월 이상 걸렸으며, 3개월 이상 걸린 경우도 22명(20.0%)에 달하였다. 결 론 : 급성 감염이나 발열시에 페리틴 측정만으로 철결핍 및 IDA 진단을 내리기에는 한계가 있으며, 소구성 적혈구증 역시 IDA를 판정하는 중요한 지표가 될 수 있을 것이다. 많은 어머니가 이유지식이 부족하였고, 또한 상당한 이유지식을 가지고 있음에도 그 자녀에서 IDA가 발견되었으므로, 현재와 같은 이유식 방법을 지양하고, 이유식에 관한 교육 및 홍보를 강화한 좀더 개선된 방법이 모색되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 1970

우리나라의 여러가지 현실정을 고려해볼 때 모든 영양소의 보급원이 될 수 있으며 값이 바서 농어촌 어린이까지 널리 이용할 수 있는 영양식품의 개발은 대단히 시급하고도 중요한 일이다. 이 연구에서는 그 개발을 위하여 몇 가지 농산물을 주원료로 적절히 가공하고 여기에 FPC 효모 경화유 비타민 무기질 등을 첨가한 새로운 분말식품을 제조하고, 이에 대한 이화학적 성상을 조사하였다. 가. 시제품은 담황색 분말로서 순한 향취를 가지며 ;water absorption index, 320; 총균수, $10^4/g$ 이하:sedimentation value, 63: Bostwick consistency value, 15cm/30% 및 ring test value, 23cm/30% 이었다. 나. 단백질을 22-25% 함유하는 이 시제품은 FAO표준구성(1957)을 기준으로 할 때 주제한아미노산이 총 함유황아미노산이며, 단백가는 F-F-3가 45, F-P-4는 75이었다. 그러나 수정된 FAO 표준구성(1965)과 비교해보면 threonine이 제한아미노산이며 이 때의 F-P-4의 단백가는 93이었다. 한편 Holt 등이 제안한 유아필수아미노산 소요량을 F-P-4와 비교한 결과 12 개월된 유아의 하루 소요량을 P-P-4 130g으로서 대체로 만족시키고 있었다. 다. 비타민 및 무기질 함량을 분석 조사한 결과 이 제품 100g으로서도 유유아의 1일 권장량을 대채로 충족시킬 수 있었다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.65-80
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was the description of general trends in feeding, weaning and toilet training in agricultural and fishing communities in Korea, where the traditions are better preserved; thereby to present useful material for improving child rearing practices. The results of this study showed that: 1) Breast-feeding is the dominant form of nursing. The mother nurses freely whenever the baby wants to be fed. The mother caresses the baby while she nurses him. The nursing period is relatively long, up to 1 and a half years. 2) Generally, the time of weaning starts late - between 9 months and 18 months. Many mothers apply a bitter tasting solution to their nipples to aid weaning. The many things give a baby foods, the recipe for which the acquire knowledge from his family and acquaintances. 3) Toilet training generally starts after 1 full year. Potties are commonly used. The infant is reminded of its error whenever it makes a mistake and cleanliness is stressed. Urination and defecation are taught to be dirty things. In summary, discipline is not strict enforced but given naturally as the infants grow: This was interpreted in terms of the traditional way of life and geographical characteristics.