• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2020

Background Reduction mammoplasty or mastopexy is performed as an additional balancing procedure in patients with large or ptotic breasts who undergo breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Radiation therapy on breasts that have undergone surgery may result in changes in the volume. This study presents a comparative analysis of patients who received post-BCS balancing procedures to determine whether volume changes were larger in breasts that received radiation therapy than on the contralateral side. Methods Thirty-six participants were selected among patients who received BCS using the inverted-T scar technique between September 2012 and July 2017, were followed up for 2 or more years, and had pre-radiation therapy computed tomography images and post-radiation therapy images taken between 12 and 18 months after completion. The average age of the participants was 53.5 years, their average body mass index was 26.62 kg/㎡. Results The pre- and post-radiation therapy volumes of the breasts receiving BCS were 666.08±147.48 mL and 649.33±130.35 mL, respectively. In the contralateral breasts, the volume before radiation therapy was 637.69±145.72 mL, which decreased to 628.14±166.41 mL after therapy. The volume ratio of the affected to the contralateral breasts was 1.05±0.10 before radiation therapy and 1.06±0.12 after radiation therapy. Conclusions The ratio of the volume between the two breasts immediately after surgery and at roughly 18 months postoperatively was not significantly different (P=0.98). For these reasons, we recommend a simultaneous single-stage balancing procedure as a reasonable option for patients who require radiation therapy after BCS without concerns regarding volume change.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2022

Background Currently, the BREAST-Q can effectively measure patient's satisfaction on the quality of life from the patient's perspective in relation to different type of breast reconstruction. However, evaluation of patient satisfaction and cosmetic outcomes in breast reconstruction may have potential to led bias. Methods To maximize the benefits of using BREAST-Q to evaluate clinical outcome, we performed comparative study focused on the correlation between postoperative BREAST-Q and cosmetic outcomes assessed by medical professionals. For the current analysis, we used three postoperative BREAST-Q scales (satisfaction with breast, psychosocial well-being, and sexual well-being). The Ten-Point Scale by Visser et al was applied to provide reproducible grading of the postoperative cosmetic outcomes of the breast. The system includes six subscales that measured overall aesthetic outcome, volume, shape, symmetry, scarring, and nipple-areolar complex. The photographic assessments were made by five medical professionals who were shown photographs on a computer screen in a random order. Obtained data were stored in Excel and evaluated by Spearman's correlations using SPSS Statistics. Results We enrolled 92 women in this study, 10 did not respond to all scales of postoperative BREAST-Q, the remaining 82 women had undergone breast reconstruction. The correlation between BREAST-Q score and aesthetic score measured by Ten-Point Scale for the three BREAST-Q scales all show positive values in Spearman's correlation coefficient. Conclusion A significant correlation without any bias observed was found between the patient's satisfaction measured by BREAST-Q after breast reconstruction and the medical expert's aesthetic evaluation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.28-31
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• 1963

Recognizing shortcomings and unreasonable points of the usual methods of measurement of the standing-tree volume, author contrived measurement formula of standing-tree volume which is based on stem-curve equation, $y^2=2px$, resulted from the analysises and experiments on stem-curve by differentiation & integration. The results of this study are as follows ; (1) The following is the formula. $V=1/2g_{1.2}$(h+1.2) V=volume of tree $g_{1.2}$ = sectional area at breast heigh h = height of tree (2) So plain is the form of this formula that this formula is more convenient than usual formulas in measuring. (3) The percentage error of this formula is negative and it is remarkably superior to usual formulas except Pressler's formula, in other words, the higher the tree that is measured is, the more inaccurate become pressler's formula, and the percentage error of the breast-height form factor method is direct proportion to the grossness of the tree that is measured, but the higher the tree that is measured, the lower become percentage error of this formula in geometrical progression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2203-2207
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• 2015

Background: Breast conservative surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy is the standard approach in management of stage I-II breast cancer. Several factors can affect cosmetic outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic results of BCS and influencing factors in the Iranian Breast Cancer Research Center. Materials and Methods: Patients who had undergone BCS were included. Photographs were taken of both breasts of the patients in three aspects and were evaluated by three specialists. The cosmetic scores were calculated based on a standard questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression for relationships between cosmetic scores and clinical data. Results: A total number of 103 patients were included in the study. Mean age and BMI of the patients were $46.8{\pm}8.9$ and $28.1{\pm}3.9$, respectively. Breast cup sizes C and D accounted for 74.7% of the study group. The mean cosmetic score obtained from three referees was 5.72+2.06, consisting of 35.9% excellent-good, 35% moderate, and 29.1% unsatisfactory results. Patient BMI, volume of the resected tissue and breast cup size (D) showed significant correlation with the cosmetic score. On multivariate regression analysis, cosmetic score and BMI (p=0.022,) as well as breast cup size (p=0.040), remained significant. Conclusions: Immediate or delayed symmetrization of the breasts is suggested during breast conservative surgery, meanwhile performing oncoplastic techniques to improve the results significantly. Also it is suggested to discuss anticipation of less satisfactory results with patients having higher BMI and large breast cup size.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.254-258
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• 2019

Purpose: Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is a well-established technique that enables efficient cardiac sparing in patients with left-sided breast cancer. The aim of the current study was to determine if DIBH is effective for reducing radiation exposure of of liver and other organs at risk in right breast radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with right-sided breast cancer were enrolled in this study. Three-dimensional conformal RT plans were generated for each patient, with two different computed tomography scans of free breathing (FB) and DIBH. Nodes were contoured according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group contouring guidelines. Dose-volume histograms for the target volume coverage and organs at risk were evaluated and analyzed. Results: DIBH plans showed significant reduction in mean liver dose (5.59 ± 2.07 Gy vs. 2.54 ± 1.40 Gy; p = 0.0003), V_20Gy (148.38 ± 73.05 vs. 64.19 ± 51.07 mL; p = 0.0003) and V_10Gy (195.34 ± 93.57 vs. 89.81 ± 57.28 mL; p = 0.0003) volumes compared with FB plans. Right lung doses were also significantly reduced in DIBH plans. Heart and left lung doses showed small but statistically significant improvement with application of the DIBH technique. Conclusion: We report that the use of DIBH for right-sided breast cancer significantly reduces the radiation doses to the liver, lungs, and heart.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 1997

목적 : 유방암의 방사선 치료에서 가장 유의하여 할 사항 중의 하나인 방사선 폐렴 등의 폐합병증은 피폭 폐용적, 방사선량율, 방사선량 등의 영향을 받으며 그 중에서도 피폭 폐용적의 정도가 중요한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 피폭 폐용적의 정량적인 측정 자료는 매우 드물며 피폭 폐용적의 정도를 예측할 수 있는 방법에 대한 보고도 제한적일 뿐만 아니라 대부분이 서양인을 대상으로 한 보고이다. 이에 본 저자들은 본원에서 치료받은 유방암 환자를 대상으로 접선 조사 시의 피폭 폐용적을 정량적으로 측정하고 간접적으로 피폭 폐용적을 예측할 수 있다고 제시되고 있는 여러 인자들의 유용성을 검증하고자 본 연구를 계획하였다. 재료 및 방법 :본원에서 1995년 1월부터 1996년 8월까지 접선 조사 방식으로 방사선 치료를 시행 받은 유방암 환자 중 치료 계획용 컴퓨터 단층 촬영을 시행한 25명을 대상으로 폐용적을 측정하였다. 각각의 환자에서 피폭 폐용적을 예측할 수 있는 인자로서 1) 치료 계획 필름의 조사면 중심에서의 후방 접선으로부터 전방 흉벽의 뒷면까지의 수직선상 거리인 Central Lung Distance (CLD), 2) 치료 계획 필름의 후방 접선으로부터 전방 흉벽의 뒷면까지의 수직선중 가장 긴 수직선의 거리인 Maximum Lung Distance(MLD), 3) 치료 계획용 컴퓨터 단층 촬영 필름의 조사면 중심 사진에서의 후방 접선으로부터 전방 흉벽의 뒷면까지의 거리인 Greatest Perpendicular Distance (GPD), 4) 치료 계획 필름 상의 조사면의 세로 길이(L)를 측정하였고 피폭 폐용적을 구하기 위하여 치료 계획 상의 Dose Volume Histogram(DVH) 자료에서 양측 전체 폐용적(EV), 동측 전체 폐용적(IV) 및 피폭 폐용적(RV)을 측정하고, 서로간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과 : 총 25명 대상 환자의 연령은 23-67세로(중앙 연령 41세) 우측 유방암이 14예, 좌측 유방암이 11예 있었다. 전체 환자의 CLD는 평균 2.2cm(1.9-3.3cm), MLD는 평균 2.4cm(1.9-3.3cm) 그리고 GPD는 평균 2.3cm(1.4-3.1cm)이었으며 L은 16-23cm이었다. CLD와 L을 곱한 값은 평균 $42.4cm^2(32-76cm^2)$, MLD와 L의 곱은 평균 $45.3cm^2(34.2-75.9cm^2)$였으며, GPD와 L을 곱한 값은 $42.5cm^2(26.6-69cm^2)$였다. 전체 폐용적은 1356-4092cc로 평균 3052cc였으며 우측 폐는 584-2554cc 평균 1671cc였고 좌측 폐는 턴j-2252 co로 평균 1379cc였다. 피폭 폐용적은 61-279cc(평균 170cc)로 양측 전체 폐용적에서 차지하는 비율은(RV/EV)은 $2.9-13\%$(평균 $5.8\%$) 이고 동측 폐용적에서 차지하는 비율은(RV/IV) 4.9-29.6(평균 $12.2\%$)였다. CLD, MLD, GPD, L, $CLD\starL,\;MLD\starL,\;GPO\starL$ 등의 변화에 따른 RV, RV/EV, RV/IV 둥의 피폭 폐용적의 변화는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 구할 수 없었으며 CLD가 3cm 이하인 24명의 환자에서 RV/EV는 $10\%$ 이내였다. 좌우 폐의 비교에서 RV/IV이 좌측 유방암 환자에서 유의하게 높았으나 RV/EV은 유의한 차이를 나타내지 못하였다 결론 : 현재 사용하고 있는 접선 조사 방치에서 CLD를 3cm 이내로 제한하는 경우 CLD 등의 변화폭이 작아서 피폭 폐용적과의 상관관계를 구할 수는 없으나 피폭 폐용적의 정도는 다른 보고 들을 고려할 때 적절하였고 좌측 유방암 환자에서의 피폭 폐용적이 동측 전체 폐용적에서 차지하는 비율은 우측 유방암 환자에 비해 높았으나 양측 전체 폐용적에 대한 비율은 동일하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2009

Purpose: The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous(TRAM) flap is the most commonly used autogenous tissue flap for breast reconstruction. Postoperatively, partial flap loss or fat necrosis are relatively common and it may result in a smaller breast volume with marked contour irregularities. These defects are not easy to reconstruct with local tissue rearrangement or with breast implants. The current authors present the results of 2 patients who underwent Latissimus dorsi(LD) flap reconstruction to correct partial flap or fat necrosis that developed after TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Method: Case1: A 50 - year - old woman with left breast cancer visited for breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Initially, breast reconstruction with pedicled TRAM was performed. Postoperatively partial flap necrosis was developed. Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap was done. Case2: A 51 - year - old woman with left breast cancer visited for breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Initially, breast reconstruction with pedicled TRAM was performed. Postoperatively fat necrosis was developed. Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap was done. Results: Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap survived completely and produce successful reconstruction. There was no significant complication in both patients. Conclusion: LD flap provides sufficient, vascularized skin and soft tissue. The flap can be molded easily to replace deficient tissue in all areas of the breast. These attributes make it an ideal candidate for salvage of the partially failed TRAM flap breast reconstructio.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.243-246
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• 1999

Currently, dissection of the axillary or regional lymph nodes is considered the standard staging procedure in breast cancer. However, accumulating evidence is becoming available that the sentinel node concept may provide the same or even better staging information. In the case of melanoma, it is proven that the histological characteristics of the sentinel node reflect the histological characteristics of the distal part of the lymphatic basin. Morbidity can be reduced significantly by the use of sentinel node dissection as several authors have reported successful introduction of this technique into clinical practice. But in breast cancer patients, there are signigicant differences in practice relating to the technology, such as radiopharmaceuticals, injection sites, volume of injectate, combination with vital blue dye, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, etc. Valuable reports on these topics appeared in recent journals. This review is a summary of those reports for nuclear physicians interested in sentinel node detection by lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2005

Ideal results of augmentation mammaplasty consist of symmetry, natural shape, soft feeling and inconspicuous scar. In addition, patient's preferences about size and shape should be included. Static implants could not perfectly satisfy patients' desires for size and shape, but expandable implants enable to change the volume after the operation. From September 2001 to September 2004, 76 patients(150 breasts) underwent breast augmentation using permanent expandable implant. The procedure was unilateral in 2 women and bilateral in 74 women. Age ranged from 19 to 50 years(mean, 29 years). Fifty nine patients underwent simple augmentation mammaplasty, 7 patients were corrected of their severe asymmetry, 2 patients with the congenital breast deformity underwent mammaplasty using this, and 2 patients who had undergone unilateral mastectomy were reconstructed of their breasts using expandable implant. There were no definite complications such as capsular contracture, implant rupture, asymmetry. And there reported little dissatisfaction about the size. The permanent expandable implants might be good alternatives in cases of ordinary breast augmentation as well as tissue deficient patients, asymmetry, congenital anomaly, and breast reconstruction.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2002

Cooling clothes especially cooling vest are being considered for as an efficient way to reduce heat strain under hot environment. But wearing ice gel or ice-based cooling vest caused discomfort to subjects due to the weight of vest. Therefore, this study was executed to find efficient cooling parts and to reduce vest weight by cooling only these parts. Two male subjects were exposed to heat(40$^{\circ}C$, 30%RH) with A type(breast+back+abdomen+waist), B type(breast+back+waist), C type(breast+back+abdomen) and D type(breast+back) cooling vest that distinguished with cooling part. The results were as follows; When subjects were C type and D type vest, sweat volume was less and skin temperature was low. Heart rate and rectal temperature were low in B type and D type. These results suggest that excessive cooling of breast and abdomen may exert a bad influence to health and cooling of back is desirable.