• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 1994

The survey on feeding practice in 202 infants in Kwangju area was undertaken from April to May, 1993. The incidence of breast feeding was 35.6% of the interviewed mothers while 35.1% of infants were formula fed. Baby's sex, birth order, birth weight and mother's educational level did not affect the infant's feeding method of the respondents , but family's monthly income affect it significantly(p<0.05). Initiating time f weaning in infants was 4.83 month. Fruits and fruit juice, infant's most favorite food were the first food introduced to infants. Cereal's were offered frequently as infant foods while animal protein source and vegetables were lesser used 52.8% of mothers purchased commercially prepared infant food , while 33.2% of them did not use it at all. Depending on mother's educational level, mother got information on weaning with the aid of different education materials. The respondents were most interested in the way how to prepare weaning food. It might be suggested that development of effective nutrition education technique specific to the different groups of mothers should be focused.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.527-539
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• 1993

To investigate the effects of crude protein and thyroxine on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, carcass composition, the content of total fat and cholesterol in leg muscle, breast muscle and liver, and caloric efficiency in broiler chicks. The experiment involved 3 levels of dietary crude protein (1-3 weeks: 20, 23, 26%; 4-6 weeks: 17, 20, 23%) and 3 levels of thyroxine (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 mg/kg). In the starting period (1-3 weeks), body weight gain of chicks fed diets containing 26% crude protein and 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine was higher than any other groups, and among thyroxine levels, 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine groups were lower. The best feed efficiency was obtained at 26% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented or 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented groups. In the finishing period (4-6 weeks) the highest body weight gain was obtained at 23% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented group. Feed intake of 17% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented group was higher than those of the other groups. It was found that the utilizability of crude protein in the starting period, showed the best utilizability at 20% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine group. Increasing crude protein level from 17 to 23%, utilizability of crude fat was decreased. The carcass composition was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by crude protein and thyroxine. Increasing thyroxine level from 0.0 to 3.0 mg/kg, crude protein content was increased whereas, crude fat content was decreased. Chicks fed diet containing 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine showed the lowest total fat content in liver tissue. In breast muscle, it was significantly (p<0.05) affected by crude protein and thyroxine. Present data revealed that the cholesterol content was increased for the chicks fed 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine. It the caloric efficiency, chicks fed a diet containing 20% crude protein with no thyroxine supplementation showed the highest caloric efficiency and the lowest efficiency was from 23% crude protein group with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine. From this study it may be concluded that crude fat content of carcass could be successfully reduced by dietary supplementation of thyroxine, whereas crude protein content was increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1197-1205
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of feeding DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and DL-methionine (DLM) supplemented corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets on growth performance, carcass composition, and muscle color of broilers. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial experiment, including two methionine (Met) sources (HMTBA and DLM), three equimolar graded levels of Met supplementation (i.e., 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24% in the starter diet and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively), and two sexes (male and female). Additionally, one basal diet for each sex was formulated to be limiting in Met to test the dosage response of increasing supplemental Met levels. Four hundred and twenty 10-d-old broilers were randomly allotted to 14 treatments (seven each for males and females), with five replicate pens per treatment and six chicks per pen. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two Met sources in growth performance and muscle deposition of broilers throughout the whole experimental period (d 10 to 49). With the increasing Met supplementation levels, average daily gain was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter, grower, and overall phases, average daily feed intake was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter phase, and feed:gain ratio was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) during the grower and overall phases. At the end of finisher phase, Met supplementation increased breast muscle content (quadratic; p<0.01) and thigh muscle content (linear; p<0.05), and decreased abdominal fat content (quadratic; p<0.02). Compared to the broiler fed DLM, broilers fed HMTBA had superior breast and thigh muscle coloration (p<0.01). Male broilers had higher weight gain and feed intake and better feed conversion than female broilers (p<0.01). The fat content of thigh muscle in female broilers was higher than that of male broilers (p<0.03). The best fit comparison of HMTBA vs. DLM was determined by Schwarz Bayesian Criteria index, which indicated that the average relative bioefficacy of HMTBA vs. DLM was 120% with 95% confidence limit 67 to 172%. These results indicated that Met supplementation improved growth performance and carcass quality of broilers fed corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets irrespective of Met sources. Compared to DLM, HMTBA has the same molar bioefficacy on improving the growth performance and carcass quality of broilers; however, HMTBA fed birds had superior meat color to DLM fed birds.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2018

Purpose: We investigated fecal calprotectin (FC) levels in preterm infants with and without feeding intolerance (FI), and compared the FC levels according to the type of feeding. Methods: The medical records of 67 premature infants were reviewed retrospectively. The fully enteral-fed infants were classified into two groups; the FI group (29 infants) and the control group (31 infants). Seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and perinatal asphyxia were excluded. If breast milk (BM) or preterm formula (PF) could not be tolerated by infants with FI, amino acid-based formula (AAF) was tried temporarily. Once FI improved, AAF was discontinued, and BM or PF was resumed. We investigated the FC levels according to the type of feeding. Results: Significant differences were found in gestational age, birth weight, age when full enteral feeding was achieved, and hospital stay between the FI and control group (p<0.05). The FC levels in the FI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). The FC levels in the AAF-fed infants with FI were significantly lower than those in the BM- or PF-fed infants (p<0.05). The growth velocities (g/d) and z scores were not significantly different between the FI and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: The FC levels in AAF-fed infants with FI showed significantly lower than those in the BM- or PF-fed infants with FI. The mitigation of gut inflammation through the decrease of FC levels in AAF-fed infants with FI could be presumed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.820-826
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• 2008

목 적 : 9개월 영아의 수유방법에 따른 철결핍빈혈의 빈도와 적혈구 혈액상을 알아보고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2007년 1월부터 12월까지 생후 9개월의 특이병력이 없는 영아 253명의 혈액검사를 시행하고 부모를 대상으로 수유방법과 이유식에 대한 설문조사를 하여 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 총 253명 중 모유수유 123명(48.6%), 혼합수유 69명(27.3%), 인공수유 61명(24.1%)였다. 수유방법에 따른 적혈구 혈액상은 모유수유군에서 혼합수유군이나 인공수유군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.05). 253명 영아 중 25명에서 철결핍빈혈로 판명되어 9.9% 빈도를 보였고 수유방법에 따라서는 모유수유군에서 18.7%, 혼합수유군에서 1.4%, 인공수유군에서 1.6%의 빈도를 보여 모유수유군에서 빈혈 발생빈도가 유의하게 높았다(P< 0.05). 이유식 시작 시기에 따른 철결핍빈혈의 빈도는 생후 6개월 이내에 이유식을 시작한 영아 113명 중 6명(5.3%), 6개월 이후에 이유식을 시작한 영아는 140명 중 19명(13.6%)로 이유식을 늦게 시작한 군에서 철결핍빈혈의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 생후 9개월의 영아가 내원하였을 때 수유 방법이나 이유식에 대한 문진을 통하여 철분 등을 포함한 영양 상태에 관하여 알아보고 선별적 빈혈 검사를 통하여 철결핍빈혈의 예방과 치료에 힘써야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1773-1780
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• 2018

Objective: This study was to evaluate effects of mixed plant oils (identified as mixed oil 1 [MO1] and mixed oil 2 [MO2]) on performance, serum composition, viscera percentages, meat quality, and fatty acid deposition of broilers. Methods: A total of 126 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks (weighing $44.91{\pm}0.92g$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment (6 broilers per pen). Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 3% soybean oil (CTR), basal diet with 3% MO1 (a mixture of 15% corn oil, 10% coconut oil, 15% linseed oil, 20% palm oil, 15% peanut oil and 25% soybean oil; MO1), or basal diet with 3% MO2 (a combination of 50% MO1 and 50% extruded corn; MO2). The trial consisted of phase 1 (d 1 to 21) and phase 2 (d 22 to 42). Results: Compared to CTR, broilers fed MO (MO1 or MO2) had greater (p<0.05) average daily gain in phase 1, 2, and overall (d 1 to 42), redness in thigh muscle, concentrations of serum glucose, serum albumin, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio in breast muscle, while these broilers also showed lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) drip loss and concentrations of C18:3n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratio in breast muscle. Broilers fed MO2 had higher (p<0.05) liver percentage, while broilers fed MO1 had lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) feed conversion ratio in phase 1 and increased (p<0.05) contents of C18:2n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 PUFA in breast muscle compared to CTR. Conclusion: Mixed plant oils had positive effects on performance, serum parameters, meat quality, liver percentage and fatty acid deposition in broilers, which indicates they can be used as better dietary energy feedstocks than soybean oil alone.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.745-752
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• 2007

본 연구는 닭고기의 감마지방산 축적에 관한 서로 다른 수준의 달맞이꽃 종자유 급여효과를 조사하였다. 로스(Ross)종 1일령 broiler 수컷 600수를 6처리구${\times}$4반복으로 완전임의 배치하였다. 브로일러는 포화지방산 급원으로서 우지를 함유하는 대조구, 감마지방산 급원으로서 달맞이꽃 종자유(EPO, evening primrose oil) 0.5%, EPO 혼합유(EPO 70:대두유 30) 0.7%, EPO 1.5%, EPO 3.0% 및 EPO 4.0% 첨가사료를 브로일러 후기 2주 동안 섭취하였다. 체중은 0.5% EPO 첨가구를 제외하고는 대조구와 처리구간 통계적유의차가 있었다(p<0.05). 도체중에 대한 다리살과 가슴살의 무게비율은 다리살에서 0.5% EPO 첨가구 및 가슴살에서 0.5% EPO 첨가구와 4.0% EPO 첨가구를 제외하고는 대조구와 처리구간 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.05). EPO 첨가사료를 섭취한 닭고기 피부와 가슴살 지질의 포화지방산 조성은 대조구에 비해서 유의적으로 낮아졌으나 불포화지방산 조성은 대조구와 비교할 때 EPO 첨가구가 높았다(p<0.05). 특히, 닭고기 부위별 지질의 감마지방산(GLA, gamma-linolenicacid, 18:3n-6) 조성은 대조구와 비교할 때 EPO 첨가구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 이 결과는 육계사료 내 달맞이꽃 종자유를 첨가.급여함으로써 감마지방산이 강화된 새로운 기능성 닭고기를 생산할 수 있음을 시사해 준다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2012

본 연구는 모유를 섭취하고 있는 생후 7일째 신생아의 분변으로부터 L. acidophilus를 분리 및 동정하고, 이들의 생리적 특성을 규명하여 상업적 이용가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 pH 5.5에서 생장하는 lactobacilli 43균주를 분리하고, 그 중 pH 2.5에서 생존율이 약 80% 이상이고, homo 젖산 발효를 하는 lactobacilli 14균주를 1차 분리하였으며, 분리된 lactobacilli 14균주의 생화학적 특성, 당 이용성 및 균체 지방산 조성의 확인을 통해 동정된 L. acidophilus 9균주(NB 201~NB 209)를 시험 균주로 선발하였다. 내산성 실험 결과, 시험 균주를 pH 2.5에서 2시간 배양하였을 때 모든 시험 균주가 80% 이상의 생존율을 나타내었으며, L. acidophilus NB 204는 pH 2.0에서도 71%의 생존율을 보여 내산성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 담즙산 내성은 73%의 생존율을 보인 L. acidophilus NB 206을 제외한 8균주가 bile extract가 1%의 농도로 첨가된 배지에서 생존율이 85% 이상으로 담즙산 내성이 매우 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 시험 균주 모두가 단백질 분해 활력이 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, yeast extract 0.1% 첨가한 것과 비교하여 0.2% 첨가 시 또는 24시간 배양과 비교하여 48시간 배양 시 TCA 가용성 펩타이드 및 유리 아미노산 생성량이 높았으며, 특히 L. acidophilus NB 204와 NB 209가 높은 생성량을 보였다(또는, yeast extract의 첨가량 및 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 TCA 가용성 펩타이드 및 유리 아미노산 생성량이 증가하였으며, 특히 L. acidophilus NB 204와 NB 209가 높은 생성량을 보였다). 시험 균주들의 ${\beta}$-galactosidase 활성은 1.97~2.45 unit/mL의 범위를 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2003

육계사료에 xanthophylls의 첨가가 닭고기의 지질산화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 사료에 lutein과 apocarotenoic acid ethyl ester(Apo-ester)를 각각 10 ppm과 20 ppm 첨가하여 브로일러를 6주간 사육하였다. 도계후 가슴육과 다리육으로 분리하여 3$^{\circ}C$에서 9일, -18$^{\circ}C$에서의 4개월간 실험을 수행하였다. 냉장저장중 모든 계육의 pH는 증가하였고 xanthophylls 급여육이 대조구보다 높았다. 저장중 TBARS와 POV는 가슴육보다 다리육에서 더 높았다(p<0.05). Xanthophylls 급여육은 대조구에 비해 지질산화가 억제되었고(p<0.05) 가슴육보다는 다리육에서, 냉장기간보다는 냉동기간중에 억제효과가 더 높았다. 첨가농도별 효과를 보면 10ppm보다는 20 ppm 급여육에서 지질산화가 더 억제되었다. Lutein과 apo-ester 급여구간 유의차는 없었으나(p>0.05), lutein 20 ppm 급여육이 가장 높은 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 따라서, 육계사료에 xanthophylls의 두 종류인 lutein과 apo-ester를 첨가하면 닭고기의 지질산화를 지연시킬 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.591-598
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• 1994

The longitudinal changes in transitional milk intakes and body weight of infants(18 boys, 10 girls) have been studied in the part of Kangwon Province from 7 days to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes at 7, 10, 15 days postpartum were 474$\pm$155, 524$\pm$154 and 547$\pm$130g, respectively. The mean milk intakes were 515g from 7 to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. The transitional milk intakes per weight of infants appeared 147$\pm$41g/kg. The number of feed per day of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. Milk intakes per fed were 56$\pm$20g. The transitional milk intakes were affected by gestational period(p<0.05), maternal height(p<0.05) and mother's transitional milk yields (p<0.001). Infants transitional milk intakes were 82.6$\pm$17.0% of mothers transitional milk yields. Infants gained its weight 24.6, 40.1 and 39.0g/day at, 7, 10, 15 days postpartum, respectively.