• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2017

Background: Police work is generally sedentary although there may be situations that require physical endurance and strength, such as foot chases and arresting suspects. Factors such as excessive body fat can impede an officer's physical ability to deal with such occurrences. Our objective was to examine associations between officers' body fat percentage (BF%) and performance on a standardized fitness protocol. Methods: Data were obtained from fitness screening among 1,826 male and 115 female officers in a large US police agency. The screening consisted of a 2.4-km run, push-ups, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Sex-specific body fat percentages were estimated from skinfold thickness measured using calipers. Linear regression models were used to examine unadjusted and adjusted mean scores of fitness tests across BF% tertiles. Results: The prevalence of overall fitness was 4.3 times greater in male officers and 3.6 times greater in female officers having the lowest BF% tertile compared with the highest tertile (30.3% vs 7.1% and 46.0% vs 12.8%, respectively). BF% was linearly and positively associated with the time of 2.4-km run (p < 0.001), and linearly and inversely associated with the number of push-ups (p < 0.001), sit-ups (p < 0.001), and the distance of sit-and-reach (p < 0.001) in men. Similar associations were observed in women with the exception of sit-and-reach (p = 0.122). Associations were independent of age, race/ethnicity, rank, and duty station. Conclusion: Overall, BF% was inversely associated with fitness levels in male and female officers. Future longitudinal studies should be initiated to explore the potentially causal relationship between BF% and fitness in law enforcement officers.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.584-589
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• 2018

Secondary prevention via earlier detection would afford the greatest chance for a cure in premalignant lesions. We investigated the exomic profiles of non-malignant and malignant changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the genomic blueprint of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whole-exome (WES) and whole-genome (WGS) sequencing were performed on peripheral blood and adjacent non-tumor and tumor specimens obtained from eight Korean HNSCC patients from 2013 to 2015. Next-generation sequencing yielded an average coverage of $94.3{\times}$ for WES and $35.3{\times}$ for WGS. In comparative genomic analysis of non-tumor and tumor tissue pairs, we were unable to identify common cancer-associated early mutations and copy number alterations (CNA) except in one pair. Interestingly, in this case, we observed that non-tumor tonsillar crypts adjacent to HPV-positive OPSCC appeared normal under a microscope; however, this tissue also showed weak p16 expression. WGS revealed the infection and integration of high-risk type HPV16 in this tissue as well as in the matched tumor. Furthermore, WES identified shared and tumor-specific genomic alterations for this pair. Clonal analysis enabled us to infer the process by which this transitional crypt epithelium (TrCE) evolved into a tumor; this evolution was accompanied by the subsequent accumulation of genomic alterations, including an ERBB3 mutation and large-scale CNAs, such as 3q27-qter amplification and 9p deletion. We suggest that HPV16-driven OPSCC carcinogenesis is a stepwise evolutionary process that is consistent with a multistep carcinogenesis model. Our results highlight the carcinogenic changes driven by HPV16 infection and provide a basis for the secondary prevention of OPSCC.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.2017-2024
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• 2020

In this study, a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is designed to create the reference power trajectory and to conquer the uncertainties and external disturbances. A fractional nonlinear model was utilized to describe the nuclear reactor dynamic behaviour considering thermal-hydraulic effects. The controller parameters were tuned using optimization method in Matlab/Simulink. The FOPID controller was simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the controller performance was evaluated for Hard variation of the reference power and compared with that of integer order a proportional integral derivative (IOPID) controller by two models of fractional neutron point kinetic (FNPK) and classical neutron point kinetic (CNPK). Also, the FOPID controller robustness was appraised against the external disturbance and uncertainties. Simulation results showed that the FOPID controller has the faster response of the control attempt signal and the smaller tracking error with respect to the IOPID in tracking the reference power trajectory. In addition, the results demonstrated the ability of FOPID controller in disturbance rejection and exhibited the good robustness of controller against uncertainty.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2008

Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are implicated in many neuronal diseases, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their pathological activities are poorly understood. Here we report that TLR2 participates in the initiation of ganglioside-triggered inflammatory signaling responses. Using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that gangliosides rapidly enhanced the cell surface expression of TLR2 in microglia, while reducing that of TLR4. The ganglioside-dependent increase of TLR2 expression was also observed at the messenger and protein levels. We also showed that gangliosides stimulate the interaction of TLR2 with Myd88, an adaptor for TLRs, and obtained evidence that lipid raft formation is closely associated with the ganglioside-induced activation of TLR2 and subsequent inflammatory signaling. These results collectively suggest that TLR2 contributes to the ability of gangliosides to cause inflammatory conditions in the brain.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2004

We consider the ATM switching node location problem (ANLP). In this problem, there are two kinds of facilities, hub facilities and remote facilities, with different capacities and installation costs. We are given a set of customers with each demand requirements, a set of candidate installation sites of facilities, and connection costs between facilities. We need to determine the locations to place facilities, the number of facilities for each selected location, the set of customers who are connected to each installed hub via installed remote facilities with minimum cost, while satisfying demand requirements of each customer. We formulate this problem as a general integer programming problem and solve it to optimality. In this paper, we present a preprocessing procedure to tighten the formulation and develop a branch-and-price algorithm. In the algorithm, we consider the integer knapsack problem as the column generation problem. Computational experiments show that the algorithm gives optimal solutions in a reasonable time.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.6
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• pp.809-819
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• 2020

For the first time, the influence of in-plane magnetic field on wave propagation of Graphene Nano-Platelets (GNPs) polymer composite nanoplates is investigated here. The impact of three- parameter Kerr foundation is also considered. There are two different reinforcement distribution patterns (i.e. uniformly and non-uniformly) while the material properties of the nanoplate are estimated through the Halpin-Tsai model and a rule of mixture. To consider the size-dependent behavior of the structure, Eringen Nonlocal Differential Model (ENDM) is utilized. The equations of wave motion derived based on a higher-order shear deformation refined theory through Hamilton's principle and an analytical technique depending on Taylor series utilized to find the wave frequency as well as phase velocity of the GNPs reinforced nanoplates. A parametric investigation is performed to determine the influence of essential phenomena, such as the nonlocality, GNPs conditions, Kerr foundation parameters, and wave number on the both longitudinal and flexural wave characteristics of GNPs reinforced nanoplates.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2011

Flour and isolated starch from chickpea (desi type, 328S-8) were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties. The protein content, total starch content and apparent amylose content of chickpea flour and isolated starch were 22.2% and 0.6%, 45.8% and 91.5%, and 11.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Chickpea starch granules had an oval to round shape with a smooth surface. The X-ray diffraction pattern of chickpea starch was of the C-type and relative crystallinity was 24.6%. Chickpea starch had only a single endothermic transition (13.3 J/g) in the DSC thermogram, whereas chickpea flour showed two separate endothermic transitions corresponding to starch gelatinization (5.1 J/g) and disruption of the amylose-lipid complex (0.7 J/g). The chickpea flour had a significantly lower pasting viscosity without breakdown due to low starch content and interference of other components. The chickpea starch exhibited significant high setback in the viscogram. The average branch chain length, proportion of short branch chain (DP 6~12), and long branch chains (DP${\geq}$37) of isolated chickpea starch were 20.1, 20.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents of chickpea flour and starch were 9.9% and 21.5%, 28.7% and 57.7%, and 7.1% and 9.3%, respectively. The expected glycemic index (eGI) of chickpea flour (39.5), based on the hydrolysis index, was substantially lower than that of isolated chickpea starch (69.2).

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study is to investigate fluid mechanical interactions between two major abdominal aortic branches under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Two model branching systems are considered: two branches emerging off the same side of the aorta (model 1) and two branches emerging off the opposite sides of the aorta (model 2). At higher Reynolds numbers, the velocity profiles within the branches in model 1 are M-shaped due to the strong skewness, while the loss of momentum in model 2 due to turning effects at the first branch leads to the absence of a reversed flow region at the entrance of the second branch. The wall shear stresses are considerably higher along the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta than along the posterior wall, opposite the celiac-superior mesenteric arteries. The wall shear stresses are higher in the immediate vicinity of the daughter branches. The peak wall shear stress in model 2 is considerably lower than that in the model 1. Although quantitative comparisons of our results with the physiological data have not been possible, our results provide useful information for the localization of early atherosclerotic lesions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1416-1425
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• 1996

A numerical method has been proposed to predict 3-dimensional flow in a duct system with multiple outlets. For the duct system, it is supposed that the pressure values are given at multiple outlets while the velocity profile is given at a inlet. To maintain the continuity of pressure distribution between main and branch duct, present method allows that the pressure value taken from analysis of branch duct can be converted to the main duct analysis. The result from present method which can handle the pressure boundary condition closely coincided with that from regular method which can handle the velocity boundary condition only. Furthermore the flow distribution from present method showed good agreement with that from the single block method. From the comparison of the present method with the total pressure method used for engineering duct design, 13% of discrepancy in pressure loss was shown between the main duct inlet and the branch duct outlet.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.173-181
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• 2016

This paper deals with the single-hoist and multiple-products scheduling problem. Although a mixed integer linear programming model for the problem was developed earlier, a branch-and-bound based heuristic algorithm is proposed in this paper to solve the big-size problems in real situation. The algorithm is capable of handling problems incorporating different product types, jobs in the process, and tank capacities. Using a small example problem the procedure of the heuristic algorithm is explained. To assess the performance of the heuristic we generate a bigger example problem and compare the results of the algorithm proposed in this paper with the optimal solutions derived from the mathematical model of earlier research. The comparison shows that the heuristic has very good performance and the computation time is sufficiently short to use the algorithm in real situation.