• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of bee venom acupuncture at Shinsu($BL_{23}$) and Daejangsu($BL_{25}$) on neuropathic pain induced by tibial and sural nerve injury in rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain model was made by partial resection of tibial and sural nerve. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, bee venom acupuncture was firstly injected at $BL_{23}$ and $BL_{25}$, then we measured withdrawal responses induced by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation. Bee venom acupunctures were injected 6times on every 2days. Measurement of withdrawal responses were conducted on the same days. After bee venom acupuncture injection, expression levels of c-Fos, nocieptin and KOR-3 were observed through using immunohistochemistry. Results : In this experiment, bee venom acupunctures at $BL_{23}$ and $BL_{25}$ decreased levels of withdrawal responses induced by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation respectively. In addtion, expression levels of c-Fos, nociceptin and KOR-3 in central gray part of brain in rats were decreased by bee venom acupuncture. Conclusions : These results imply that bee venom acupuncture was useful to treat patients with neuropathic pain, and related mechanisms were involved in opioid and their receptors such as nociceptin and KOR-3.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 1988

최근에 마취한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체를 전기적으로 자극하면 췌장의 외분비 기능이 증가하며 이러한 결과는 망상체의 자극으로 인하여 교감신경계의 활성도가 상승하기 때문이라는 보고가 있다. 한편 교감신경계의 활성도가 상승할 경우 교감신경계의 전달 물질인 catecholamine이 교감신경 종말 뿐만 아니라 부신수질에서도 유리된다고 알려져 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 중뇌망상체의 자극으로 인하여 췌장의 외분비 기능이 증가함에 있어 교감신경계가 중요한 역할을 담당하는지를 확인하고, 이때 부신수질이 관여하는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 마취한 흰쥐에게 atropine (1mg/kg) 또는 reserpine (5mg/kg)을 투여하거나 또는 부신을 적출한 다음 중뇌망상체를 전기 자극하면서 췌장액을 채취하였다. 사용한 전기자극의 매개변수는 1.3V, 40Hz, 2msec이었다. atropine과 reserpine을 투여하면 마취한 흰쥐의 자발적 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량은 모두 유의하게 감소하였으나 부신을 제거하면 췌장액 분비량에는 이렇다할 변동이 없는 반면에 단백질 분비량은 유의하게 감소하였다. 중뇌망상체를 전기자극하면 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량 모두가 유의하게 증가하였다. 이러한 망상체의 자극효과는 atropine 전처치에 의하여 이렇다할 영향을 받지 않았으나 reserpine 전처치에 의하여 소실되었다. 그러나 부신을 적출하면 망상체 자극에 의한 췌장액 분비량의 증가는 유지되는 반면에 단백질 분비량의 증가는 소실되었다. 한편 미주신경을 절단한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체를 자극하는 동안에 경동맥의 수축기 및 이완기 혈압이 상승하였는데 이러한 망상체의 자극효과도 reserpine의 투여에 의하여 유의하게 감소되었다. 본 실험의 결과를 종합하여 보면 마취한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체의 자극은 교감신경계를 활성화시켜 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량에 촉진적인 영향을 미치며, 이때 활성화된 교감신경계는 부분적으로 부신을 경유하게 췌장의 단백질 분비에 촉진적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.436-441
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to offer clinical primary data that it's aims to examine effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive function and biochemical change of rat with alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by injecting scopolamine. Methods: Subjects were instructed cognitive dysfunction model, rat of Sprague-Dawley system was injected with scopolamine and each experimental group was classified into three; group I (n=16) is non-treatment groups; group II (n=16) is applied with the tacrine; group III (n=16) is applied with the tDCS. The ziggurat task test was conducted to observe behavioral changes and cognitive function ability and 7, 14, 21, 28 days after the model. Acetylcholine Esterase (Ach E) activity was examined for biochemical assessment of which the results are followed. Results: Participants showed as to behavioral change, tacrine application group was the most significantly responded, following tDCS application group. As to biochemical change, same as above, tacrine application group was the most significantly responded, following tDCS application group. Conclusion: From these results, confirm that tDCS application to rat with alzheimer's disease leads to positive effects on behavioral, cognitive function changes, and biochemical changes, lasting for certain period of time. This study, in particular, tDCS, which can change excitability of brain cells non-invasively, could provide basic data that is useful as a new treatment way for the patients with cognitive dysfunction.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 1995

In order to find out the distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) recently known as the gonadotropin (GtH) stimulation neurohormone in the brain tissues of marine teleost, detection and localization of NPY like substance in brain of two rockfish species, Sebastes oblongus and S. schlekeli were done by immunohistochemisty. Distribution of GtH cells in hypophysis were also observed by aldehyde fuchsin (AF)-fast green-orange G stain to compare with gonadal phases of the rockfish species. NPY immunoreactive cells were detected in olfactory bulb, telencephalon and mesencephalon of the brain, and NPY immunoreactive fibers were distributed not only in olfactory bulb, telencephalon and mesencephalon but also in optic nerve, hypothalamus and optic tectum. Regardless of ovarian maturation in two rockfish species, NPY immunoreactive fibers were observed in the neurohypophysis adjacent to the AF negative cells in the rostral pars distalis of hypophysis in both species. Moreover, the fibers were distributed in the rostral and proximal pars distalis near to the GtH cells of the hypophysis in both species possessing the growing or mature oocytes. Slight AF stainable GtH cells were detected in hypophysis of two species before parturition (S. oblongus) and in mature stage (S. schlegeli), but AF stainability of the cells in the proximal pars distalis after parturition was more increased than that of the cells Tn mature stage or before parturition. The size and nucleus diameter of GtH cells in S. oblongus and S. schlegeli before parturition were significantly bigger than those of GtH cells in individuals after parturiton (S. oblongus) or with resting ovary (S. schlegeli) (P<0.01).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1967

1. Within experimental chromatin, the total protein: DNA ratio did not vary in the same organs of control and irradiated rats. However, the amount of RNA and total protein associated with the DNA varied considerably among the different types of chromatin. In particular, the content of chromatin was the highest in the irradiated tissue, and the lowest in the chromatin control tissue. RNA and total protein ratio of chromatins from brain, liver, testis and spleen declined with experimental organs. 2. There was the same quantitative relationship between the amount of RNA and the amount histone-protein associated with DNA in each chromatin. 3. RNA:DNA ratio of chromatin showed a $1.5{\sim}2$ times increase in the irradiated organs except brain. However, RNA:DNA ratio was decreased in chromatin by irradiation. 4. Histone-protein:Residual protein ratio was greatly varied among the organs. However, the effect was not found by irradiation. 5. Priming activity of chromatins showed a higher value in testis and the activity was greater in organs with higher metabolic activity. 6. Inhibition of Actinomycin D observable in chromatin for testis, liver, spleen and brain declined without relationship between irradiated and non-irradiated conditions. Ammonium sulfate in DNA of chromatin from histone showed increased priming activity with dissociation by Electrostatics. It may give different effect of ammonium sulfate on stimulation by property of chromatins. 7. It is suggested that the results support a proposal that the higher sensitivity of radioactive in testis, spleen by irradiated showed a increase and decrease lower-sensitivity of radioactive from brain, liver than did priming activity under the radioactive conditions.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.89-103
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• 2006

Objectives: Recently, the effect of acupuncture has been approved not only in the East but also in the West, so the interest on acupuncture was greatly improved. Especially, functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) was embossed as the study tool for the mechanism of acupuncture noninvasively and many studies on the mechanism of acupuncture using fMRI were carried out. We archived the fMRI study on the brain activity induced by manual acupuncture at BL62(申脈). Methods: The study was the acupuncture at BL62(申脈) and we acquired 9 fMRI results from 6 persons$(age\;20{\sim}30,\;4\;male\;and\;2\;female)$. These studies employed The block design for mapping brain activity and acupuncture was perfomed at BL62(申脈) on the left foot. Results: The brain related motor function was cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex and thalamus connected these elements. In the result of this study, the regions of significant activation in the cerebellum was centered on the spinocerebellum in the anterior lobe, so we presumed that this result showed the input of stimulation by the acupuncture on BL62(申脈). But basal ganglia and cerebral cortex showed the regions of significant activation in the left larger than the right and regions of the cerebral cortex was the motor and sensory cortex. Such a result explained that acupuncture at BL62(申脈) could have influence the motor function and acupuncture at left BL62(申脈) could affect the right side through the activation of the left basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Conclusions: In the theory of crossing needling at collaterals(繆刺論), it the pathogenic factor invaded in the Yang Heel channel(陽?脈) that was one of the eight Extra meridians(奇經八脈), we recognized the disease of the collateral channel and used contralateral BL62(申脈) for treatment of the Yang Heel channel(陽?脈). Moreover the result of this study could bear the construction that acupuncture at the left BL62(申脈) treats the contralateral lesion and this construction is related to the theory of crossing needling at collaterals(繆刺論).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 1974

In recent years much interesting information about the mechanism of the $Na^+-K^+$ activated ATPase has been obtained from investigation of the $K^+-activated$ phosphatase activity which appears to be catalysed by the same enzyme. Also several studies have indicated that a $K^+-activated p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity is intimately related to the ATPase activity. And then the exact relation of p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity to $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase activity is not known. The effects of some ions and drugs on the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of the rat brain were investigated and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The p-nitrophenylphosphatase was stimulated markedly by low concentrations of $K^+$, while the activity was activated slightly in the presence of $Na^+$ and oligomycin. 2. Addition of both ATP and $Na^+$ caused a remarkable increase in the activity of the $K^+-dependent$ phosphatase at low concentrations of $K^+$. 3. In the presence of $Na^+$ and low concentrations of $K^+$, oligomycin activated the p-nitrophenylphosphatase. 4. O1igomycin inhibited the stimulation of the enzyme activity caused by $Na^{+}+ATP$. 5. Ouabain inhibited the $K^+-dependent$ p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity more in the presence of ATP and $Na^+$ than in their absence. 6. Quinidine inhibited both $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase and p-nitrophenylphosphatase. These inhibitory effects of the drug were partially antagonized by increasing $K^+$ concentrations. The sensitivity of the $K^+-dependent$ p-nitrophenylphosphatase to quinidine was greater than the that of $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1291-1296
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• 2007

The expressions of c-Fos and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) represent neuronal activity and play' a crucial role in the shaping of the development of brain. During the late pregnancy, stresses may influence neuronal activity of prenatal rats. In the present study, the effects of prenatal noise and music on the expressions of c-Fos and NOS in the hippocampus of rat pups were investigated. Exposure to the noise during pregnancy decreased c-Fos and NOS expressions in the hippocampus of rat pups, whereas exposure to music during pregnancy increased c-Fos and NOS expressions in the hippocampus of rat pups. The present results show that prenatal music stimulation may increase neuronal activity of rat offspring, whereas exposure to noise during pregnancy may reduce the neuronal activity of offspring. The present study suggests that prenatal stimuli including noise and music could affect the fetal brain development.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and clinical efficacy of motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring for supratentorial tumor surgery. Methods : Between 2010 and 2012, to prevent postoperative motor deterioration, MEP recording after transcranial stimulation was performed in 84 patients with supratentorial brain tumors (45 males, 39 females; age range, 24-80 years; median age, 58 years). MEP monitoring results were correlated with postoperative motor outcome compared to preoperative motor status. Results : MEP recordings were stable in amplitude (<50% reduction in amplitude) during surgery in 77 patients (91.7%). No postoperative motor deficit was found in 66 out of 77 patients with stable MEP amplitudes. However, postoperative paresis developed in 11 patients. False negative findings were associated with edema in peri-resectional regions and postoperative bleeding in the tumor bed. MEP decrease in amplitude (>50%) occurred in seven patients (8.3%). However, no deficit occurred postoperatively in four patients following preventive management during the operation. Three patients had permanent paresis, which could have been associated with vascular injury during tumor resection. Conclusions : MEP monitoring during supratentorial tumor surgery is feasible and safe. However, false negative MEP results associated with postoperative events may occur in some patients. To achieve successful monitoring, collaboration between surgeon, anesthesiologist and an experienced technician is mandatory.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1997

Carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant, has beeen reported to displace ligands at adenosine receptors. Several studies have demonstrated that as far as $A_2$adenosine receptors is concerned, CBZ acts as an antagonist. However, the situation with regard to Al receptors is less straightforward. In this study, we describe the effects of one-week CBZ treatment (25 mg/kg/day) on cerebrocortical $A_1$ adenosine receptors. $A_1$ adenosine receptor bindings as determined by using $[^3CH]DPCPX$ was not significantly altered in membranes prepared from CBZ-treated rats. However, there was a significant decrease in the $A_1$ adenosine receptor-mediated stimulation of $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding to cerebrocortical membranes prepared from CBZ-treated rats (20.0% decrease in basal activity; 17.8% decrease in maximal activity). The basal and $10^{-4}$ M forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were relatively unaffected by CBZ treatment, but 10 mM NaF-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly reduced in CBZ-treated rats. It appears that one-week CBZ treatment caused an uncoupling of adenosine receptors from G proteins without alteration of $A_1$ adenosine receptor molecules, suggesting that CBZ acts as an agonist at $A_1$ adenosine receptors in rat brain.