• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1999

Overstimulation of both kainate (KA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been reported to induce excitatoxicity which can be characterized by neuronal damage and formation of reactive oxygen free radicals. Neuroprotective effect of melatonin against KA-induced excitotoxicity have been documented in vitro and in vivo. It is, however, not clear whether melationin is also neuroportective against excitotoxicity mediated by NMDA receptors. In the present work, we tested the in vivo protective effects of striatally infused melatonin against the oxidative stress and neuronal damage induced by the injection of KA and NMDA receptors into the rat striatum. Melatonin implants consisting of 22-gauge stainless-steel cannule with melatonin fused inside the tip were placed bilaterally in the rat brain one week prior to intrastriatal injection of glutamate receptor subtype agonists. Melatonin showed protective effects against the elevation of lipid peroxidation induced by either KA or NMDA and recovered Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activities reduced by both KA and NMDA into the control level. Melatonin also clearly blocked both KA- and NMDA-receptor mediated neuronal damage assessed by the determination of choline acetyltransferase activity in striatal monogenages and by microscopic observation of rat brain section stained with cresyl violet. The protective effects of melatonin are comparable to those of DNQX and MK801 which are the KA- and NMDA-receptor antagonist, respectively. It is suggested that melatonin could protect against striatal oxidative damages mediated by glutamate receptors, both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.976-982
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• 2005

Abilities of various edible plants and natural antioxidants to protect brain against oxidative damages were evaluated using brain homogenate of perfused Sprague-Dawley rat. Oxidative damage, expressed as lipid peroxidation (LPO), indicating total quantity of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenal, increased from 4.1 to 6.9nmol/mg protein by treatment of $2.5{\mu}M$ ferrous sulfate and 7.5mM hydrogen peroxide as source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on brain homogenate for 10min at $37^{\circ}C$ Mallow(88%) in leafy vegetables, small potato (93%) in root vegetables, green red pepper (76%) in fruit vegetables, and avocado (96%) in fruits showed highest LPO inhibition capacities. Ability of mushrooms decreased in order of nameko, shiitake, pine mushroom, oyster mushroom, and new type pine mushroom. Among natural antioxidants tested, (+)catechin (91%), (-)epigallocatechin gallate (85%), (-)epicatechin gallate (83%), and kaempferol(83%) showed high LPO inhibition capacities.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.3295-3300
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• 2013

Acrolein (ACR) is a well-known carbonyl toxin produced by lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In Alzheimer's brain, ACR was found to be elevated in hippocampus and temporal cortex where oxidative stress is high. In this study, we evaluated oxidative modification of cytochrome c occurring after incubation with ACR. When cytochrome c was incubated with ACR, protein aggregation increased in a dose-dependent manner. The formation of carbonyl compounds and the release of iron were obtained in ACR-treated cytochrome c. Reactive oxygen species scavengers and iron specific chelator inhibited the ACR-mediated cytochrome c modification and carbonyl compound formation. Our data demonstrate that oxidative damage of cytochrome c by ACR might induce disruption of cyotochrome c structure and iron mishandling as a contributing factor to the pathology of AD.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.821-825
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• 2003

The effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin (SPA) and Cordyceps mushroom extract (CME) on lipid peroxidation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and cognitive deficits were examined. Both SPA and CME exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities with similar potency. In contrast, only SPA was shown to effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation initiated by $Fe^{2+}$ and ascorbic acid in rat brain homogenates. Furthermore, SPA markedly enhanced cognitive performance, assessed by passive avoidance test in ethanol-treated mice. Combined treatments with SPA and CME did not significantly influence the effects of SPA alone. These results demonstrate that anthocyanin prepared from purple sweet potato exhibits memory enhancing effects, which may be associated with its antioxidant properties.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 2000

In order to investigate the pharmacological properties of fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix, the effects of the fractions on cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion were studied. Brain ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in mongolian gerbil. Brains were recirculated for 30 mins after the 20 min occlusion. Methanol and butanol fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix were administered orally 2 hrs before common carotid artery occlusion. Histological observations showed that brain ischemia induced severe brain damage evidenced by the presence of necrotic foci, edema and hemorrhage. This injury was prevented by the methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. The level of ATP in brain tissue significantly decreased in ischemic gerbils. This decrease was prevented by the pretreatment with butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. In contrast, the levels of lactate and lipid peroxide were both elevated in ischemic gerbils. This elevation was inhibited by the pretreatments with methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. Our findings suggest that the Polygalae Radix improves ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.509-519
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• 2024

A previous study showed that krill oil improved recognition and memory through anti-oxidative effects in an amyloid β model, but the authors noted that further investigations are necessary of alterations to neurotransmitters' states and of serum lipid profile improvements related to serum lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, in this study, ICR mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with scopolamine prior to induced neurotransmission impairment, and the effects of krill oil provision on their capabilities of cognition were tested by performing a passive avoidance test (PAT), water maze test (WMT), and novel object recognition test. Then, parameters including the acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), lipid peroxidation, serum lipid levels, and nerve cell proliferation were investigated. The results showed that krill oil improved the mice's abilities in recognition and memory as the times taken to complete the PAT and WMT were reduced compared to the mice in a comparison scopolamine-treated group. Krill oil produced an increased concentration of Ach, and this was accompanied by a decrease in AChE. As shown in a scopolamine-treated SH-SY5Y cell line, krill oil reduced the activity of AChE. Moreover, the suppression of lipid peroxidation-reflected in the finding that malondialdehyde was decreased with krill oil provision-is speculated to affect the recorded serum triglyceride and cholesterol decreases and LDL cholesterol increase. The intake of krill oil was also found to produce an improvement in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression by stimulating the activation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in the brain tissue. Overall, the current results imply that the provision of krill oil raises the cognition and memory by elevating neurotransmitters and by improving the serum lipid profile and nerve cell proliferation, which occur as lipid peroxidation is suppressed in the brain tissue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.570-576
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• 2003

The remarkable change of phenomenon induced by stress increase energy metabolism that can induce many reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS can peroxidize cellular macromolecules including lipid and protein. The object of this study was to investigate whether stress may induce cellular damage by producing ROS and whether vitamin E, as a strong lipid-soluble antioxidant, can protect cells against reactive oxygen species produced by noise and immobilization stress in SD rats. The stress group increased 5-hydroxyindole aceti acid (5-HIAA) , one of the stress hormone, in brain tissue and free fatty acid in plasma. Vitamin I treatment had no effect on 5-HIAA but free fatty acid contents decreased with a fortified vitamin I diet. Furthermore, the body weight of vitamin I-treated rats increased more than that of the stress group. Lipid peroxidation and protein degradation as an index of oxidative damage in brain tissue decreased with the use of the fortified vitamin I diet supplement. The results suggest that vitamin I supplements have a protective effect against noise and immobilization stress-induced oxidative damage in brain tissue.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2003

The effects of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae extract were tested for the anti-stress action. 100g of crude drug of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae was extracted with pure water and the total extractive was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 10.7g. ICR male mice($20{\pm}2g$) were fed orally with the dose of 100mg/kg/day for five days. Foot shock was given to make experimental environment of physiological stress. Foot shock mice were placed individually in the foot shock compartments and sociopsychological mice were placed nonfoot shock compartment-the side of foot shock compartments. Mice were exposed to sociopsychological stress by restraining and seeing foot shock stressed mice for one hour for five days. Semen Ziziphi Spinosae extract administered group showed a significant decrease of serum corticosterone secretion compared with control group. Noradrenaline secretions in the dorsal cortex of brain were increased but not significant. Lipid peroxidation of the liver of mice were tested by measuring malondialdehyde, and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae extract had tendency of decreasing lipid peroxidation but not significant. But Semen Ziziphi Spinosae extract administration had the effect of decreasing serum level of aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde. These results suggest that Semen Ziziphi Spinosae extract can effectively rid the sociopsychological stress and stress concerned diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.109.2-110
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• 2003

The neuroprotective effect of solvent fraction of native edible plant MK-104 in the mice administered with kainate was evaluated using behavioral sign, neuronal injuries and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Mice, ICR male, were administered with the BFME through a gavage for 4 days consecutively, and on the 3rd day, kainate (450 mg/kg) was i.p. administered. The fraction(400 mg/kg) delayed the onset time of neurobehavioral change (p<0.01), reduced the severity of convulsion and lethality (p<0.05), and restored the level of GSH and lipid peroxidation in brain to control value. A similar protective action was also expressed by fraction-I (200 mg/kg), which showed a prominent protection against the neuronal damage in hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions (p<0.01) caused by kainate injection. of TBARS value. Based on these results, BFME-I is suggested to contain a functional agent to prevent against oxidative stress in the brain of mice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2003

The antioxidative activity of antioxidative substances produced from several bacterial strains isolated from fermented foods were tested by $DPPH\;({\alpha},{\alpha}'-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)$ free radical scavenging activity. One of the strains showing the highest antioxidative activity was identified as Bacillus sp. based on the morphological, biochemical, physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence, and named FF-7. The most optimal medium condition for the production of antioxidative substance from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was 2% galactose as carbon source and l% tryptone as nitrogen source. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 in these cultural medium was also tested by in vitro experimental models, the peruxidation of linoleic acid and the peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes by using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) for assay of free malondialdehyde production. The antioxidative activity against lipid peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes was shown in the following order; brain 97.50% > heart 79.95% > kidney 77.84% > spleen 77.47% > testis 69.96% > liver 62.45%. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 on linoleic acid peroxidation by IBA method was effectively inhibited during four days, and 0.05% BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) used comparative control was also effectively inhibited. Results showed that the highest antioxidative activity by DPPH method of antioxidative substance produced from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was obtained by supplementing 2% galactose as carton source and l% tryptone as nitrogen source in cultured medium, this substance effectively inhibited the formation of TBARS in brain microsome in vit개 system and in linoleic acid peroxidation.