• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.227-238
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• 1999

The author studied 49 cases having neurologic disorders grossly, who admitted to the Oriental Medicine Hospital in Kyunghee university from May 1995 to March 1999. We have got the following results: 1. Age and sex distribution of children: from 4 to 6 was 34.7%, over 7 was 32.7%, 2 to 3 was 28.6%, below 1 was 4.0%, Male to female ratio was 1.33:1. 2. Distribution of chief complain as follows : Hemiplegia 59.2%, Quadriplegia 30.6%, Aphasia 42.9%, Facial palsy 18.4%, Convulsion 16.3%, Aphagia 12.2%. 3. Distribution of diagnosis as follows : Cerebral infarction 32.7%, Cerebral hemorrhage 12.2%, Hypoxic brain damage 10.2%, Brain tumor 6.1%, Guillian-Barre syndrom 6.1%, Moya-Moya disease 4.1% etc. 4. Improvement ratio as follows : Poor 14.3%, Fair 59.2%, Good 26.5%.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.269-272
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• 2019

There have been several reports of patients with isolated lesions of the cerebellar vermis presenting with clinical features similar to those of peripheral vestibulopathy. We report a case of small, isolated hematoma in the cerebellar vermis in a patient who presented with vertigo, ipsilesional nystagmus, and body lateropulsion to the contralesional side without the usual signs or symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction. Although they present with symptoms that mimic those of peripheral vestibulopathy, and brain computed tomography shows no abnormality, as there may be a small, isolated hematoma or infarction in the cerebellar vermis. Thus, brain magnetic resonance imaging should be performed in elderly patients with vascular risk factors.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.816-824
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• 2022

Objective : Emergency superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis in patients with large vessel occlusion who fails mechanical thrombectomy or does not become an indication due to over the time window can be done as an alternative for blood flow restoration. The authors planned this study to quantitatively measure the degree of improvement in cerebral perfusion flow using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after bypass surgery and to find out what factors are related to the outcome of the bypass surgery. Methods : For a total of 107 patients who underwent emergent STA-MCA bypass surgery with large vessel occlusion, the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin score (mRS), infarction volume, and hypoperfusion area volume was calculated, the duration between symptom onset and reperfusion time, occlusion site and infarction type were analyzed. After emergency STA-MCA bypass, hypoperfusion area volume at post-operative 7 days was calculated and analyzed compared with pre-operative hypoperfusion area volume. The factors affecting the improvement of mRS were analyzed. The clinical status of patients who underwent emergency bypass was investigated by mRS and NIHSS before and after surgery, and changes in infarct volume, extent, degree of collateral circulation, and hypoperfusion area volume were measured using MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Results : The preoperative infarction volume was median 10 mL and the hypoperfusion area volume was median 101 mL. NIHSS was a median of 8 points, and the last normal to operation time was a median of 60.7 hours. STA patency was fair in 97.1% of patients at 6 months follow-up DSA and recanalization of the occluded vessel was confirmed at 26.5% of patients. Infarction volume significantly influenced the improvement of mRS (p=0.010) but preoperative hypoperfusion volume was not significantly influenced (p=0.192), and the infarction type showed marginal significance (p=0.0508). Preoperative NIHSS, initial mRS, occlusion vessel type, and last normal to operation time did not influence the improvement of mRS (p=0.272, 0.941, 0.354, and 0.391). Conclusion : In a patient who had an acute cerebral infarction due to large vessel occlusion with large ischemic penumbra but was unable to perform mechanical thrombectomy, STA-MCA bypass could be performed. By using time-to-peak images of perfusion MRI, it is possible to quickly and easily confirm that the brain tissue at risk is preserved and that the ischemic penumbra is recovered to a normal blood flow state.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.446-454
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• 2022

Objective: To evaluate whether hyperoxia-induced ΔR₁ (hyperO₂ΔR₁) can accurately identify histological infarction in an acute cerebral stroke model. Materials and Methods: In 18 rats, MRI parameters, including hyperO₂ΔR₁, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), cerebral blood flow and volume, and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on PET were measured 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 hours after a 60-minutes occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Histological examination of the brain was performed immediately following the imaging studies. MRI and PET images were co-registered with digitized histological images. The ipsilateral hemisphere was divided into histological infarct (histological cell death), non-infarct ischemic (no cell death but ADC decrease), and nonischemic (no cell death or ADC decrease) areas for comparisons of imaging parameters. The levels of hyperO₂ΔR₁ and ADC were measured voxel-wise from the infarct core to the non-ischemic region. The correlation between areas of hyperO₂ΔR₁-derived infarction and histological cell death was evaluated. Results: HyperO₂ΔR₁ increased only in the infarct area (p ≤ 0.046) compared to the other areas. ADC decreased stepwise from non-ischemic to infarct areas (p = 0.002 at all time points). The other parameters did not show consistent differences among the three areas across the three time points. HyperO₂ΔR₁ sharply declined from the core to the border of the infarct areas, whereas there was no change within the non-infarct areas. A hyperO₂ΔR₁ value of 0.04 s^-1 was considered the criterion to identify histological infarction. ADC increased gradually from the infarct core to the periphery, without a pronounced difference at the border between the infarct and non-infarct areas. Areas of hyperO₂ΔR₁ higher than 0.04 s^-1 on MRI were strongly positively correlated with histological cell death (r = 0.862; p < 0.001). Conclusion: HyperO₂ΔR₁ may be used as an accurate and early (2.5 hours after onset) indicator of histological infarction in acute stroke.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.413-417
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• 2000

The effect of ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal damage on the memory impairment were investigated using active avoidance and Morris water maze tasks in Wistar rats. Focal ischemia was induced by 1 h occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) of Wistar male rats. Reperfusion was induced by releasing the occlusion and restoring the blood circulation for 24 h. The acquisition and preservation memory tested by active avoidance showed a significant difference between the sham and ischemia/reperfusion group. The water maze acquisition performance was also significant difference between sham and ischemia/repefusion groups in both latency and moving distance. The infarction volume was increased by the ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, the cresyl violet staining of the ischemia/reperfusion brain showed severe neuronal damage (pyramidal cell loss) in the cortex in addition to the striatum lesion of brain. This study shows that pyramidal cell damage in the cortex lesion may be partially related to memorial disturbance in the ischemia/reperfusion brain injury.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2017

${\alpha}$-Synuclein is abundantly expressed in neuronal tissue, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress. Cerebral ischemia causes severe neurological disorders and neuronal dysfunction. In this study, we examined ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic injury and neuronal cells damaged by glutamate treatment. MCAO surgical operation was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats, and brain samples were isolated 24 hours after MCAO. We confirmed neurological behavior deficit, infarction area, and histopathological changes following MCAO injury. A proteomic approach and Western blot analysis demonstrated a decrease in ${\alpha}$-synuclein in the cerebral cortices after MCAO injury. Moreover, glutamate treatment induced neuronal cell death and decreased ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression in a hippocampal-derived cell line in a dose-dependent manner. It is known that ${\alpha}$-synuclein regulates neuronal survival, and low levels of ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression result in cytotoxicity. Thus, these results suggest that cerebral ischemic injury leads to a reduction in ${\alpha}$-synuclein and consequently causes serious brain damage.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2009

Arteriosclerosis is a pathologic term that contains hardening of arterial wall, loss of arterial elasticity and stenosis of artery. To diagnose this disease, conventional angiography, MRA, transcranial doppler ultrasonography are commonly used. And it causes various clinical phases by a region of the disease. In oriental medicine, arteriosclerosis is classified into congested fluids(痰飮), blood stasis(瘀血), stagnation of Gi(氣滯) and treated by Herb-Med, acupuncture, cupping, moxibustion, and the like. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oriental medical therapy on cerebral arteriosclerosis. A patient with cerebrovascular disease admitted due to dizziness, mild dysarthria, tinnitus, anxiety disorder and his Brain MRA showed severe arteriosclerosis in right anterior cerebral artery(ACA) and middle cerebral artery(MCA). Every day, we administered to patient Herb Med and Herb pills. Also, acupuncture, moxibustion were done, too. As a result of the treatment, the patient's follow up Brain MRA showed improved state of ACA stenosis.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-115
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• 2002

This research investigates the effect of the Crataegus pinnatifida BGE. var. major N.E. BR(CPVM) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the DYHT extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CTI05; (2) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT105; (3) the behavior; and (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, reactive oxygen species(ROS), nitrite oxide(NO); and (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with CT105 were investigated. The results are as follow. 1. The CPVM extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. 2. The CPVM extract suppressed the AChE activity and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. 3. The CPVM extract group showed a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105 in the Morris water maze experiment. 4. The CPVM extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, ROS and NO in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105. 5. The CPVM extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105. These results suggest that the CPVM extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.190-194
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• 2015

Blunt cerebrovascular injury is defined as a vertebral or carotid arterial structural wall injury resulting from nonpenetrating trauma. Complete traumatic internal carotid artery occlusion is very rare condition accounting for 0.08~0.4 0f all trauma patients and believed to be associated with the greatest risk of ischemic stroke reported in 50~90% in a few small series. A 55-year-male was admitted with drowsy mentality and severe headache after a fall down accident. Brain computed tomography showed a subdural hematoma at the both frontal area with a fracture of the occipital skull bone. Two days after admission, he suddenly complained with a right side hemiparesis of motor grade 2. Brain magnetic resonance diffusion demonstrated multiple high flow signal changes from the left frontal and parietal lesion. Computed tomographic angiogram (CTA) revealed absence of the left ICA flow. Trans femoral cerebral angiography (TFCA) showed complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) at ophthalmic segment in the left ICA angiogram and flows on the left whole hemispheric lesions through the anterior communicating artery in the right ICA angiogram. We decided to conduct close observations as a treatment for the patient because of acute subdural hematoma and sufficient contralateral cerebral flow by perfusion SPECT scan. Two weeks after the accident, he was treated with heparin anticoagulation within INR 2~4 ranges. He recovered as the motor grade 4 without another neurologic deficit after 3 months.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.55-82
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• 2007

Ohjective: This research investigates the effect of the DJR on Alzheimer's disease. Method: 1.The effects of the DJR extract on IL.-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, cox-2, and NOS-II mRNA of BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS; 2. the behavior: 3. the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. Result: 1. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the DJR extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by .${\beta}$A in the Moms water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The DJR extract suppressed the over-expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ protein, TNF-${\alpha}$ protein and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A 5. The DJR extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. 6. The DJR extract reduced the tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. Conclusion: These results suggest that the DJR extract may he effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the DJR extract for Alzheimer's disease of suggested for future research.