• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 1993.12a
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• pp.16-16
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• 1993

성대의 bowing은 성대근의 위축, 노화, 상후두신경마비, 성대수술후, 성대구 등의 원인에 의하여 발생할 수 있으며, 대부분의 예에서 경도의 애성을 호소할 뿐만 아니라 아직 효과적인 치료법이 없기 때문에 적극적인 치료를 받지 못하고 장기간 애성을 호소하는 경우가 많다. 저자들은 성대의 bowing의 진단 및 치료에 도움을 얻고자 최근 2 년간 애성을 주소로 내원한 환자중 성대의 bowing을 보였던 25례(성대구 3례, 성대위축증 2례)을 대상으로 치료전ㆍ후의 음성기능을 분석하여 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1995

Bowing of the vocal cords may be due to aging. atrophy. bilateral superior laryngeal nerve paralysis. injudicious vocal cord surgery, of an idiopathic cause. The bowing usually produces a dysphonia characterized by breathiness due to air escape : however, it can produce aphonia. This report reviews vocal function after surgical correction of bowing of the vocal cords for diagnosis and management. The vocal function of 13 patients with sulcus vocalis and 12 patients with vocal cord atrophy was evaluated with the use of a test battery of multidimensional evaluation items. The voice was improved postoperatively in most patients. The voice improvement was reflected objectively in maximum phonation time, mean air flow rate during phonation, stroboscopic findings. sound pressure level range and fundamental frequency range of phonation, and results of acoustic analyses of tape-recorded voice. The vocal function after surgical correction of the sulcus vocalis and vocal cord atrophy was improved postoperatively in most patient, but the results were not satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.94-97
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : Bowing of the vocal fold, a bowed edge of the vocal fold results from various disorder causes glottic incompetence resulting in voice disorders. The results of treatment were not satisfactory even though a variety of methods of treatment were applied. The goal of this study is to evaluate of efficacy of the non-surgical, voice therapy in patients with vocal fold bowing. Materials and Method : Twenty two patients of vocal fold bowing not resulting from vocal fold palsy and sulcus vocalis were analyzed. After voice therapy and medical treatment, parameters of perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic analysis and stroboscopic findings were compared those of pretreatment results. Results and Conclusion : Jitter, shimmer and maximal phonation time were significantly improved and subjective satisfaction was improved in 73% of patients. In the videostroboscopic examination, vocal fold gap was decreased in 27% of patents. The result of this study indicates that voice therapy alone has effect in treatment of vocal fold bowing. Voice therapy is one of the mainstay of treatment of vocal fold bowing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.411-412
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• 2012

대부분의 상용 LED는 사파이어기판에 성장된 GaN를 기반으로 사용한다. GaN는 $1,000^{\circ}C$ 이상의 높은 온도에서 성장이 이루어지는데 이 경우 GaN과 사파이어 기판과의 높은 열팽창 계수로 인하여 compressive stress를 받게 된다. 이 compressive stress로 인하여 성장된 GaN wafer에 bowing이 일어나게 되고 이는 기판의 대면적화에 커다란 문제로 작용한다. 이런 문제들을 해결하기 위해 여러 방법이 고안되고 있지만 [1,2], 근본적으로 wafer bowing 문제의 해결은 이루어지고 있지 않다. 한편, 일반적으로 박막을 성장할 때 columnar structure를 가지는 박막이 coalescence되면 박막에 tensile stress가 걸린다는 사실이 알려져 있으며 [3], GaN를 저온에서 성장할 경우 columnar structure를 갖는다는 사실이 보고되었다 [4]. 본 연구에서는 이런columnar structure를 갖는 GaN을 이용하여 wafer bowing 문제가 해결된 GaN 박막 성장을 연구하였다. 본 실험에서는, c-plane 사파이어에 유기금속화학증착법(MOCVD)을 이용하여 nano-columnar structure를 갖는 저온 GaN layer을 성장하였다. 그 후 columnar structure를 유지하면서 $1,040^{\circ}C$까지 annealing한 후 고온에서 flat 한 GaN 박막을 nano-columnar structure GaN layer위에 성장 하였다. 우선 저온 GaN layer가 nano-columnar structure를 갖고, 고온에서도 nano-columnar structure가 유지되는 것을 scanning electron microscopy (SEM)과 transmission electron microcopy (TEM)을 통해 확인하였다. 또한 이런 columnar structure 위에 고온에서 성장시킨 flat한 GaN 박막이 성장된 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 성장된 GaN박막의 wafer bowing 정도를 측정한 결과, columnar structure를 갖고 있는 고온 GaN 박막이 일반적인 GaN에 비해 확연하게 wafer bowing이 감소된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Columnar structure가 coalescence가 되면서 생기는 tensile stress가 GaN박막의 성장시 발생하는 compressive stress를 compensation하여 wafer bowing이 줄어든 것으로 보인다. 본 발표에서는 이 구조에 대한 구조 및 stress 효과에 대해서 논의할 예정이다.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2015

In this study, in order to improve the efficiency of n-type monocrystalline solar cells with an Alu-cell structure, we investigate the effect of the amount of Al paste in thin n-type monocrystalline wafers with thicknesses of $120{\mu}m$, $130{\mu}m$, $140{\mu}m$. Formation of the Al doped $p^+$ layer and wafer bowing occurred from the formation process of the Al back electrode was analyzed. Changing the amount of Al paste increased the thickness of the Al doped $p^+$ layer, and sheet resistivity decreased; however, wafer bowing increased due to the thermal expansion coefficient between the Al paste and the c-Si wafer. With the application of $5.34mg/cm^2$ of Al paste, wafer bowing in a thickness of $140{\mu}m$ reached a maximum of 2.9 mm and wafer bowing in a thickness of $120{\mu}m$ reached a maximum of 4 mm. The study's results suggest that when considering uniformity and thickness of an Al doped $p^+$ layer, sheet resistivity, and wafer bowing, the appropriate amount of Al paste for formation of the Al back electrode is $4.72mg/cm^2$ in a wafer with a thickness of $120{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2011

Under extreme test or operation condition, refrigerator endures complicated stresses state and thermal bowing deformation arises on the sidewall. Shelf rails designed in the inner case provide increased surface area to permit expansion without bowing, and also increase structural rigidity to resist bowing. In this study, we designed six different shelf patterns of refrigerator model and studied the bead on refrigerator deformation using finite element method (FEM). Analysis result shows that increasing the numbers of beads properly in refrigerator is more helpful to reduce thermal bowing deformation. In addition, the beads would decrease stress on refrigerator sidewall. However, vertical beads have no effect to reduce thermal deformation of the bowing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.192.2-192.2
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 사파이어 기판 표면에 레이저 처리를 통해 격자 구조(레이저 격자 구조)를 제작하고 InGaN/GaN 발광다이오드(Light-Emitting Diodes, LED) 박막을 성장 한 시료에서 Bowing 특성 변화를 논의한다. 그리고 Bowing 정도에 따른 InGaN/GaN LED의 광학 및 전기적 특성을 Photoluminescence (PL)와 Electroluminescence (EL) Mapping 법을 이용하여 상호 비교 분석하였다. 2-인치 사파이어 기판 상에 레이저 격자 구조의 간격은 1 mm (GS1-LED), 2 mm (GS2-LED), 3 mm (GS3-LED) 로 제작하였으며, 격자 구조가 없는 LED를 기준 시료(C-LED)로 사용하였다. GS1-LED, GS2-LED, GS3-LED의 Bowing 정도는 C-LED 대비 각각 8%, 7.6%, 6.4% 감소하였다. PL Mapping 결과, GS-LED의 발광 파장의 분포 균일도가 C-LED 보다 개선되는 것을 확인하였고, 파장이 C-LED 대비 단파장으로 이동하였다. 또한, GS-LED시료의 PL 강도는 C-LED보다 증가하였고, 특히 GS2-LED의 PL 강도는 C-LED 대비 6.9% 증가 하였다. EL mapping 결과, GS-LED 발광 파장의 분포 균일도는 PL 결과와 유사하게 측정되었으며, 2인치 기판 전체 면적에 대한 GS-LED의 주요 동작전압 및 출력 전력 수율이 C-LED대비 현저히 개선되었다. 사파이어 기판 표면에 제작한 레이저 격자 구조에 따른 InGaN/GaN LED의 광학적, 전기적 특성을 Bowing의 개선과 응력 완화 현상으로 논의 할 예정이다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2378-2387
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• 2017

Violinists learn to make better sounds by hearing and evaluating their own playing though numerous practice. This study proposes a new method of auditory feedback, which mimics this violinists' step and verifies its efficiency using experiments. Making the desired sound quality of a violin is difficult without auditory feedback even though an expert violinist plays. An algorithm for controlling a robot arm of violin playing robot is determined based on correlations with bowing speed, bowing force, and sound point that determine the sound quality of a violin. The bowing speed is estimated by the control command of the robot arm, where the bowing force and the sound point are recognized by using a two-axis load cell and a photo interrupter, respectively. To improve the sound quality of a violin playing robot, the sounds information is obtained by auditory feedback system applied Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) to the sounds from a violin. This study suggests Gaussian-Harmonic-Quality (GHQ) uses sounds' clarity, accuracy, and harmonic structure in order to decide sound quality, objectively. Through the experiments, the auditory feedback system improved the performance quality by the robot accordingly, changing the bowing speed, bowing force, and sound point and determining the quality of robot sounds by GHQ sound quality evaluation system.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.298-306
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• 2001

As fuel burnup proceeds, thermal gradients, differential swelling, and inter-assembly loading may induce assembly duct bowing. Since duct bowing affects the reactivity, such as long or short term power-reactivity-decrement variations, handling problem, caused by top end deflection of the bowed assembly duct, and the integrity of the assembly duct itself. Assembly duct bowing were first observed at EBR-ll in 1965, and then several designs of assembly ducts and core restraint system were used to accommodate this problem. In this study, NUBOW-2D KMOD was used to analyze the bowing behavior of the assembly duct under the KALIMER(Korea Advanced Liquid MEtal Reactor) core restraint system conditions. The mechanical behavior of assembly ducts related to several design parameters are evaluated. ACLP(Above Core Load Pad) positions, the gap distance between the ducts, and the gap distance between the duct and restraint ring were selected as the sensitivity parameter for the evaluation of duct deflection.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.1150-1158
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• 2010

In this paper, a new reliable portable activity monitoring device implemented with the buddhist-style bowing activity and walking step detection algorithm, is presented. In order to monitor the bowing and walking activities, miniaturized 3-axis accelerometer sensor with the sensitivity of 800 mV/g was used. After initial signal conditioning, vector magnitude of accelerometer signals was calculated. Syntactic peak detection method was used in order to feature points. All signal processing algorithms were implemented in ultra-low power microcontroller MSP430 with double precision floating point arithmetic. For evaluation, 19 young man($24.22\pm5.22$ yrs) and woman($22.28\pm2.72$ yrs) were involved. The accuracy of the proposed algorithms were 98.91 %($\pm0.011$) for walking step detection and 98.25 %($\pm0.023$) for buddhist-style bowing activity. Comparing to the commercialized pedometer accuracy, 87.1 %($\pm0.058$), the proposed walking step detection algorithms show more reliable accuracy.