• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to develop and assess a method for estimating the rain scavenging ratios (RSRs) of particle-bound PAHs and PCBs using measured scavenging ratio of particulate matters (PM) and routinely available data of physico-chemical properties of PM. Paired atmospheric and rainwater sampling was conducted for a total of 4 rain events. Assuming equilibrium partitioning in rainwater-gas-PM system, an equation was derived for estimating the RSR of particle-bound chemicals as a function of RSR of PM and three equilibrium partition constants (i.e. dimensionless Henry's law constant, gas-particle partition coefficient, and water-particle partition coefficient). For all PAHs, the model significantly under-predicted the RSR while the model prediction for PCBs agreed with observation mostly within a factor of 5. The RSR model for the chemicals is of limited use as its accuracy critically depends on how close the observed partitioning of the chemicals in the gas-PM-rainwater system is to that estimated under the equilibrium assumption.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.179-214
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• 2013

This paper estimated the value of waterside landscape and ecosystem of Han River basin with a double-bound dichotomous choice type of CVM. We used the exponential willingness to pay model to represent the nonnegative willingness to pay. This model is found to be especially important in analyzing a double-bound dichotomous choice model. The total willingness to pay was estimated as 705.5 billion won per annum. This suggests that current budget size for water quality and ecosystem conservation for Han River needs to be expanded.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2014

Natural rubber bound phenolic antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-vinylphenol (2,6-DBVP), was prepared from natural rubber and 2,6-DBVP in both solution and melt state. The 2,6-DBVP had been synthesized from 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide ($MePPh_3I$) by Wittig reaction ($0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs, $N_2$ atmosphere). The conditions for preparation of natural rubber bound 2,6-DBVP (NR-DBVP) were optimized for both solution state (1 phr BPO and 8 phr 2,6-DBVP at $70^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs) and for melt state (1 phr BPO and 8 phr 2,6-DBVP at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 mins, with rotor speed of 60 rpm). A thermoplastic vulcanizate was obtained using a compatibilizer, polypropylene modified with phenolic resin (PhHRJ-PP), in a closed mixer ($180^{\circ}C$ for 3 mins, rotor speed 60 rpm). The antioxidant properties of vulcanized NR-DBVP, using phenolic as the vulcanization system, were similar to NR with the conventional antioxidant BHT. In addition, the antioxidant, water leaching property of the thermoplastic vulcanizate of NR-DBVP/PP were good in comparison to a NR blend with BHT; the morphologies of these thermoplastic vulcanizates were similar.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2002

In the course of searching immunomodulators from natural sources, the protein-bound polysaccharide, CM-Ala, has been isolated from the water extract of Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae). The immunostimulatory characteristics have been investigated in several experiments such as generation of activated killer (AK) cells, proliferation of splenocytes, activation of macrophages and granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell (GM-CFC) assay. Of the fractions obtained using Sephacryl S200 column chromatography, CM-Ala was the most effective fraction that augmented the cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells from 0.88% to 34.18% by culturing with splenocytes for 5 days. CM-Ala also enhanced nitric oxide production by two fold in peritoneal macrophages and exhibited antitumor activity. It showed mitogenic activity on both spleen cells and bone marrow cells. CM-Ala induced proliferation of splenocytes by 84 fold and increased GM-CFC numbers by 1.48 fold over than the non-treated. On the contrary, CM-Ala had cytotoxic activity to a diverse group of tumor cells. From the above results, we proposed that CM-Ala has a possibility of an effective antitumor immunostimulator.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.537-540
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• 2006

Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies on the durability of concrete have been carried out extensively. A lot of improvements have been achieved especially in modeling of ionic flows. However, the majority of these researches have not dealt with the chloride binding isotherm based on the mechanism, although chloride binding capacity can significantly impact on the total service life of concrete under marine environment. The purpose of this study is to develop the model of chloride binding isotherm based on the individual mechanism. It is well known that chlorides ions in concrete can be present; free chlorides dissolved in the pore solution, chemical bound chlorides reacted with the hydration compounds of cement, and physical bound attracted to the surface of C-S-H grains. First, sub-model for water soluble chloride content is suggested as a function of pore solution and degree of saturation. Second, chemical model is suggested separately to estimate the response of binding capacity due to C-S-H and Friedel's salt. Finally, physical bound chloride content is estimated to consider a surface area of C-S-H nano-grains and the distance limited by the Van der Waals force. The new model of chloride binding isotherm suggested in this study is based on their intrinsic binding mechanisms and hydration reaction of concrete. Accordingly, it is possible to characterize chloride binding isotherm at the arbitrary stage of hydration time and arbitrary location from the surface of concrete. Comparative study with experimental data of published literature is accomplished to validity this model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Potoscience Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 1994

Sludge minimization in an water treatment plant can be achieved by optimizing a main water treatment process as well as by enhancing a thickening and a dewatering facilities. In this study, dewatering and drying techniques for reducing the quantity of the water sludge generated from the conventional water treatment plant in the local states were investigated by reducing its water content. Not only the types and dosages of polymers but also the mixing intensity of the mixtures of a concentrated sludge and polymers on the different pH were evaluated for the optimum dewatering conditions of the water sludge. Weight reduction of the water sludge was also tested at a given temperature range. The dewatering efficiency of the water sludge was not affected by the types of polymer but by mixing intensity(GT value) in this study. pH effect on dewaterbility of the water sludge took a major role at the neutral pH range. The optimal polymer dose was 1.5 mg-polymer/g-TSS(about 40mg/L as polymer). Dewaterability was enhanced at a lower mixing intensity(GTbelow 10,000 sec-1). Free water in the void of sludge cake was dried around $100^{\circ}C$, chemical bound water was evaporated around $320^{\circ}C$, and organic material was burned out at the range of 300 to $600^{\circ}C$. Ignition losses of the water sludge were varied 15 to 40 % as the raw water quality. The ignition loss due to the chemical bound water was 10-20% and the loss due to the organic material was 4-20% of the total ignition loss.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.405-413
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• 1984

As the previous paper of studios on lipids in fresh-water fishes, the present study was designed and analyzed to investigate the distribution of lipid components in various tissues of snake head, Channa argus. The free lipid was consisted of neutral lipid ($66.6{\sim}72.4\%$), phospholipid($17.9{\sim}20.4\%$) and glycolipid ($5.7{\sim}12.2\%$), while the bound lipid was consisted of phospholipid($28.6{\sim}50.6\%$), neutral lipid($13.2{\sim}36.1\%$) and glycolipid($3.8{\sim}22.8\%$). The neutral lipid was mainly consisted of triglyceride($62.00{\sim}90.20\%$) in free lipid, and esterified sterol & hydrocarbon($51.30{\sim}72.70\%$) in bound lipid. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl ethanolamine($28.96{\sim}42.75\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($27.85{\sim}41.06\%$) in free lipid, and phosphatidyl choline($47.18{\sim}52.45\%$) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($17.88{\sim}26.67\%$) in bound lipid. The major fatty acids of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}(21.03\%,\;22.62\%),\;C_{16:1}(8.70\%,\;30.1\%),\;C_{18:1}(20.62\%,\;12.11\%),\;C_{22:5}(3.21\%,\;6.50\%)\;and\;C_{22:6}(7.56\%,\;16.02\%)$, and these of neutral lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}(18.98\%,\;19.12\%),\;C_{16:1}(9.04\%,\;13.49\%),\;C_{18:1}(22.94\%,\;11.61\%)\;and\;C_{22:5}(3.00\%,\;10.05\%)$, respectively. The unsaturation(TUFA/TSFA) of bound lipid was 3.99, and 2.5 times higher than 1.43 of free lipid. The contents of total essential fatty acid in free lipid were ranged $7.99\%\;to\;14.69\%$, and slightly higher than $6.57\%\;to\;8.25\%$ of bound lipid. In both polar and nonpolar lipids, w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid(w3-HUFA) contents of bound lipid were ranged $22.57\%\;to\;31.83\%$, and $2{\sim}3$ times higher than $7.88\%\;to\;14.03\%$ of free lipid. There were significant difference between the lipid and its fatty acid composition in free and bound lipids and/or in various tissues.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.719-725
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• 2009

We investigated the absorption characteristics of protein-bound polysaccharide powders of various molecular weights isolated from the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill. The monolayer moisture content calculated using the GAB equation showed a higher level of significance than did the BET equation. The higher the water activity, the lower the isosteric heat of sorption. The fitness of the isotherm curve was shown to be in the order of the Khun, Oswin, Caurie and Henderson models. The prediction model equations for moisture content were established by use of ln(time), water activity, and temperature.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.326-334
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• 1996

We investigated the optimum conditions for conversion of water-insoluble components of basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum to water-soluble components by hydrolyzing with chitinase. We also tried it with Ganoderma luciclum residue remaining after extracting hot water-soluble components of Ganoderma lucidum. After hydrolyzing under optimum conditions (20 ppm chitinase, 2% Ganoderma lucidum or 6% Ganoderma lucidum residue, at pH 3 and at $ 35^{\circ}C$), the contents of total water-soluble components (polysaccharide or protein) were measured, and it was found that the contents of water-soluble components increased to 1.5-2.7 fold. Michaelis constant, $K_m$ and maximum rate, $V_max$ calculated by Lineweaver-Burk plot for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum were 1.75% and 0.02%/min respectively and those for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum residue were 53.15% and 0.53%/min respectively The protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated after hydrolysis and molecular weights were measured by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration and compared with the molecular weights of polysaccharide before hydrolysis.