Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2006.11.1.033

ESTIMATION OF RAIN SCAVENGING RATIO FOR PARTICLE BOUND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS  

Kim, Hyeon-Kook (Georgia Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
Shin, Yong-Seung (Environmental Management Division, Korea Environment Institute)
Lee, Dong-Soo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University)
Song, Byung-Joo (Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University)
Kim, Jong-Guk (Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University)
Publication Information
Environmental Engineering Research / v.11, no.1, 2006 , pp. 33-44 More about this Journal
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and assess a method for estimating the rain scavenging ratios (RSRs) of particle-bound PAHs and PCBs using measured scavenging ratio of particulate matters (PM) and routinely available data of physico-chemical properties of PM. Paired atmospheric and rainwater sampling was conducted for a total of 4 rain events. Assuming equilibrium partitioning in rainwater-gas-PM system, an equation was derived for estimating the RSR of particle-bound chemicals as a function of RSR of PM and three equilibrium partition constants (i.e. dimensionless Henry's law constant, gas-particle partition coefficient, and water-particle partition coefficient). For all PAHs, the model significantly under-predicted the RSR while the model prediction for PCBs agreed with observation mostly within a factor of 5. The RSR model for the chemicals is of limited use as its accuracy critically depends on how close the observed partitioning of the chemicals in the gas-PM-rainwater system is to that estimated under the equilibrium assumption.
Keywords
Rain; Scavenging; Particlulat matter; PAHs; PCBs;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Franz, T. P., and Eisenreich, S. J., 'Snow scavenging of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Minnesota,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1771-1778 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Andronache, C., 'Estimates of sulfate aerosol wet scavenging coefficient for locations in the Eastern United States,' Atmos. Environ., 38, 795-804 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
3 USEPA, Method 8270 C., 'Semivolatile organic compounds by gas chromatographyl mass spectrometry (GC/MS),' United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA report. SW-846 (1996)
4 Shin, Y. S., Atmospheric fate process of PAHs and their effects on the uncertainties of multimedia fate modeling, Ph.D Dissertation, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (2003)
5 Van Ry, D. A., Gigliotti, C. L., Glenn, T. R., Nelson, E. D., Totten, L. A., and Eisenreich, S. J., 'Wet deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban and background areas of the mid-Atlantic states,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3201-3209 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Tsai, W., Cohen, Y., Sakugawa, H., and Kaplan, I. R., 'Dynamic partitioning of semivolatile organics in gas/particle/rain phases during rain scavenging,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 2012-2023 (1991)   DOI
7 Mircea, M., Stefan, S., and Fuzzi, S., 'Precipitation scavenging coefficient: influence of measured aerosol and raindrop size distributions,' Atmos. Environ., 34, 5169-5174 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Offenberg, J. H., and Baker, B. E., 'Precipitation scavenging of polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along an urban to over-water transect,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3763-3771 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Ligocki, M. P., Leuenberger, C., and Pankow, J. F., 'Trace organic compounds in rain-III. Particle scavenging of neutral organic compounds,' Atmos. Environ, 19, 1619-1626 (1985b)   DOI
10 Van Jaarsveld, J. A., Van Pul, W. A. J., and De Leeuw, F. A. A. M., Modeling Transport and Deposition of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the European Region, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1011-1024 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Slinn, W. G. N., Hasse, L., Hicks, B., Hohan, A. W., Lai, D., Liss, P. S., Munnich, K. O., Sehmel, G. A., and Vittori, O., 'Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-sea interface,' Atmos.. Environ., 12, 2055-2087 (1978)   DOI
12 Seinfeld, J. H., and Pandis, S. N., Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 100-1026 (1998)
13 Naes, K., Axelman, J., Naf, C. and Broman, D., 'Role of soot carbon and other carbon matrices in the distribution of PAHs among particles, DOC, and the dissolved phase in the effluent and recipient waters of an aluminum reduction plant,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1786-1792 (1988)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., 'Influence of submicron particles on hydrophobic organic contaminants in precipitation. 2. Scavenging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by rain,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 349-354 (1996b)   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Murray, M. W., and Andren, A. W., 'Precipitation scavenging of PCB conginers in the Great Lakes region,' Atmos. Environ., 26A, 883-897 (1992)
16 Harlin, K., and Surratt, K., 'Analysis of PCBs, Pesticides, and PAHs in air and precipitation samples: sample preparation procedures,' Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL (1995)
17 Ngabe, B., and Poissant, L., 'Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air in the st. lawrence basin (Quebee),' Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2094-2099 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Sahu, S. K., Pandit, G. G., and Sadasivan, S., 'Precipitation scavenging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India,' Sci. Total Environ., 318, 245-249 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Dachs, J., and Eisenreich, S. J., 'Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gasparticle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3690-3697 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Ligocki, M. P., Leuenberger, C., and Pankow, J. F., 'Trace organic compounds in rain-II. Gas scavenging of neutral organic compounds,' Atmos. Environ., 19, 1609-1617 (1985A)   DOI
21 Karickhoff, S. W., 'Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils,' Chemosphere, 10, 833-849 (1981)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Volckens, J., and Leith, D., 'Effects of sampling bias on gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile compounds,' Atmos. Environ., 37, 3385-3393 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., 'Solubility and Partitioning. I: Solubility of nonelectrolytes in water,' J. Pharm. Sci., 69, 912-922 (1980)   DOI
24 Rapaport, R. A., and Eisenreich, S. J., 'Chromatographic determination of octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW's) for 58 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 163-170 (1984)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E, 'Temperature dependence of henry's law constants of thirteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between $4^{\ciric}C$ and $4^{\ciric}C$' Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 1905-1912 (1999)   DOI
26 Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals, Vol. II Lewis Publisher, Chelsea, Michigan (1992)
27 Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., 'Influence of submicron particles on hydrophobic organic contaminants in precipitation. I. Concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in rainwater,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 341-348 (1996a)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Pankow, J. F., and Biddleman, T. F., 'Effects of temperature, TSP and per cent non-exchangeable material in determining the gas-particle partitioning of organic compounds,' Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2241-2249 (1991)
29 Shin, Y. S., Lee, D. S., Park, J. S., Kim, J. G., and Kim, S. H., Effect of coarse PM on the non-equilibrium partitioning between gas and particle phase PAHs, IUAPPA 13th World Clean Air and Environmental Protection Congress, London. UK, (2004)
30 Sitaras, I. E., Bakeas, E. B., and Siskos, P. A., 'Gas-particle partitioning of seven volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a heavy traffic urban area,' Sci. Total Environ., 327, 249-264 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Kim, S. K., Integrated assessment of multimedia fates of PAHs and PCBs in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea, Ph.D Dissertation, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (2004)
32 Harner, T., and Bidleman, T. F., 'Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1494-1502 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., 'Solubilities and partitioning. 2. Relationships between aqueous solubilities, partition coefficients, and molecular surface areas of rigid aromatic hydrocarbons,' J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 127-129 (1979)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Sheffield, A. E., and Pankow, J. F., 'Specific surface area of urban atmospheric particulate matter in Portland, Oregon,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1759-1766 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Paasivirta, J., Sinkkonen, S., Mikkelson, P., Rantio, T., and Wania, F., 'Estimation of vapor pressures, solubilities and henry's law constants of selected persistent organic pollutants as functions of temperature,' Chemosphere, 39, 811-832 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Junge, C. E., 'Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants,' In: Suffet, I.H., ed. Fate of pollutants in the air and water environments, New York: Wiley and Sons, pp. 7-26 (1977)
37 Yalkowsky, S. H., Valvani, S. C., and Mackay, D., 'Estimation of the aqueous solubility of some aromatic compounds,' Residue Rev., 85, 43-55 (1983)
38 Basu, I., 'Analysis of PCBs, Pesticides, and PAHs in air and precipitation samples: IADN project sample preparation procedure,' School of public and environmental affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN (1995)
39 Pankow, J. F., 'Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere,' Atmos. Environ., 21, 2275 - 2283 (1987)   DOI
40 Hales, J. M., 'The mathematical characterization of precipitation scavenging and precipitation chemistry,' In: Hutzinger, O., Editor, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4, Part A, Springer, Berin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, pp. 150-217 (1986)
41 Dickhut, R. M., and Gustafson, K. E., 'Atmospheric washout of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the southern chesapeake bay region,' Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1518-1525 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn