• Title/Summary/Keyword: bottom shear stress

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Bottom Friction of Combined Wave-Current Flow (천해파와 해류의 해저면 마찰력)

  • 유동훈;김인호
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.177-188
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    • 2001
  • The paper presents the method to estimate the bottom shear stress driven by waves and current on rough turbulent flow. Parameter adjusting technique is suggested for the computation of bed shear stress driven by uni-directional flow, and the value ofpararneter is determined by comparing the computational results against Bijker's laboratory data. For the computation of combined flow bottom shear stress, two methods are presented; one is the modified Bijker approach (BYO Model) and the other is the modified Fredsoe approach (FY Model), both of which are refined by the present writers. BYO model is again refined in the computation of maximum shear stress, and the final version is tested against Bijkcr's laboratory data.

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Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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Matrix Cracking and Delmaination in Laminated Composite Plates Due to Impact (적층복합판의 충격에 의한 모재균열 및 층간분리에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Moon-Saeng;Park, Seung-Bum
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.317-326
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    • 1997
  • An investigation was performed to study the matrix cracking and delamination in laminated composite plates due to transverse impact. A model was developed for predicting the initiation of the matrix cracking and the shape and size of impact-induced delamination in laminated composite plates resulting from the ballistic impact. The model consists of a stress analysis and a failure analysis. A transient finite element analysis which was based on the higher-order shear deformation theory was adopted for calculating the stresses inside the laminated composite plates during impact. A failure analysis was used to predict the initial intraply matrix cracking and the shape and size of the interface delamination in the laminates. As a results, a shear matrix cracking which was governed by the transverse interlaminar shear stress occured at the middle layer near the midplane of laminates and a bending matrix cracking which was governed by the transverse inplane stress occured at the bottom layer near the surface of laminates. In a thick laminates, a shear matrix cracking generated first at the middle layer of laminates, but in a thin laminates, a bending matrix cracking generated first at the bottom layer of laminates.

An experimental study on adjusting mechanism of Remote Center Compliance for assembly robots with shear stress control of Elastomer Shear Pads(ESP) (ESP의 전단 변형을 이용한 원격 순응 중심 장치의 순응 중심 조절 방법에 관한 실험적 고찰)

  • Lee, Sang-Cheol
    • Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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    • v.13 no.9
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    • pp.910-914
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, an experimental study is performed to adjust position of compliance center of Elastomer Shear Pad Remote Center Compliance (ESP RCC) device, which is used on precise peg in hole process. In the study, variation of the lateral/axial stiffness of the ESP is proposed as a control parameter to adjust the position of compliance center of the ESP RCC. The variation of the stiffness of the ESP is achieved by controlling the shear stress of the ESP. To control the shear stress of the ESP, position of top side of the ESP is changed while remaining bottom side of the ESP is fixed on the RCC plate. To evaluate effect of the proposed idea, stiffness variations of the ESP on various shear stresses are measured, and variation of the compliance center is measured with the ESP RCC that can control the position of compliance center by using the shear stress. The measured data shows unique characteristics that have not been shown in other types of ESP VRCCs.

The Change of Beach Processes at the Coastal Zone with the Impact of Tide (조석(潮汐)의 영향(影響)이 있는 연안(沿岸)해역(海域)에서의 해안과정(海岸過程)의 변화(變化))

  • Kim, Sang-Ho;Lee, Joong-Woo
    • Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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    • 2002.05a
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    • pp.257-262
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    • 2002
  • Numerical model introduced in this study combines wave refraction-diffraction, breaking, bottom friction, lateral mixing, and critical shear stress and three sub-models for simulating waves, currents, and bottom change were briefly discussed. Simulations of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were also described at the coast neighboring Bangpo Harbor, Anmyundo, Chungnam, where the area has suffered from accumulation of drifting sand in a small fishing harbor with a wide tidal range. We also made model test for the case of a narrow tidal range at Nakdong river's estuary area to understand the effect of water level variation on the littoral drift. Simulations are conducted in terms of incident wave direction and tidal level. Characteristics of wave transformation, nearshore current, sediment transport, and bottom change are shown and analyzed. We found from the simulation that the tidal level impact to the sediment transport is very important and we should apply the numerical model with different water level to analyze sediment transport mechanism correctly. Although the model study gave reasonable description of beach processes and harbor sedimentation mechanism, it is necessary to collect lots of field observation data, including waves, tides and bottom materials, etc. for better prediction.

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Finite Element Analysis of Densification Behavior during Equal Channel Angular Pressing Process of Powders (분말 ECAP 공정 시 치밀화의 유한요소해석)

  • Yoon, Seung-Chae;Quang, Pham;Chun, Byong-Sun;Lee, Hong-Ro;Kim, Hyoung-Seop
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.13 no.6 s.59
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    • pp.415-420
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    • 2006
  • Nanostructured metallic materials are synthesized by bottom-up processing which starts with powders for assembling bulk materials or top-down processing starting with a bulk solid. A representative bottom-up and top-down paths for bulk nanostructured/ultrafine grained metallic materials are powder consolidation and severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods, respectively. In this study, the bottom-up powder and top-down SPD approaches were combined in order to achieve both full density and grain refinement without grain growth, which were considered as a bottle neck of the bottom-up method using conventional powder metallurgy of compaction and sintering. For the powder consolidation, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), one of the most promising method in SPD, was used. The ECAP processing associated with stress developments was investigated. ECAP for powder consolidation were numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with pressure and shear stress.

Variation of Beach Processes and Harbor Sedimentation in an Area of Large Tide (조석이 큰 해역에서의 해안과정과 항만퇴적의 변화)

  • 신승호;이중우
    • Journal of Korean Port Research
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 2001
  • In the past, the predictions of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were mainly relied on the hydraulic model tests and empirical methods. In recent years, however, as computers have come into wide use, more accurate models have gradually been developed and thus replaced those conventional methods. For prediction of topographical change near the coastal area, we need informations of wave and current conditions in the numerical model which should be calculated in advance. Numerical model introduced in this study combines wave refraction-diffraction, breaking, bottom friction, lateral mixing, and critical shear stress and three sub-models for simulating waves, currents, and bottom change were briefly discussed. Simulations of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were also described at the coast neighboring Bangpo Harbor, Anmyundo, Chungnam, where the area has suffered accumulation of drifting sand in a small fishing harbor with a wide tidal range. We also made model test for the new layout of the harbor and planned south breakwater for preventing intrusion of sand. Although the model study gave reasonable description of beach processes and harbor sedimentation mechanism, it is necessary to collect lots of field observation data, including waves, tides and bottom materials, etc. for better prediction.

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RUBBER INCLUSION EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER-ADDED COMPOSITE GEOMATERIAL

  • Kim, Yun-Tae;Gang, Hyo-Seb
    • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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    • 2010.09c
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    • pp.129-134
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    • 2010
  • This paper investigates effects of rubber inclusion on the strength and physical characteristics of rubber.added composite geomaterial (CGM) in which dredged soils, crumb rubber, and bottom ash are reused for recycling. Several series of test specimens were prepared at 5 different percentages of rubber content (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil) and three different percentages of bottom ash content (i.e. 0%, 50% and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil). The mixed soil specimens were subjected to unconfined compression test and elastic wave test to investigate their unconfined compressive strengths and small strain properties. The values of bulk unit weight of the CGM with bottom ash content of 0% and 100% decrease from 14kN/$m^3$ to 11kN/$m^3$ and 15kN/$m^3$ to 12kN/$m^3$, respectively, as rubber content increases, because the rubber had a specific gravity of 1.13. The test results indicated that the rubber content and bottom ash content were found to influence the strength and stress-strain behavior of CGM. Overall, the unconfined compressive strength, and shear modulus were found to decrease with increasing rubber content. Among the samples tested in this study, those with a lower rubber content exhibited sand-like behavior and a higher shear modulus. Samples with a higher rubber content exhibited rubber-like behavior and a lower shear modulus. The CGM with 100% bottom ash could be used as alternative backfill material better than CGM with 0% bottom ash. The results of elastic wave tests indicate that the higher rubber content, the lower shear modulus (G).

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Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Monofilament-reinforced Bottom Ash Mixture for Recycling Dredged Soil (준설토를 이용한 단섬유 보강 Bottom Ash 혼합 경량토의 역학적 특성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Yun-Tae;Han, Woo-Jong
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.101-110
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    • 2008
  • This paper investigates the mechanical characteristics of monofilament-reinforced bottom ash mixtures for recycling dredged soil. Reinforced bottom ash mixture is a lightweight soil added with monofilament in order to increase its shear strength. Test specimens were fabricated by various mixing conditions including monofilament content, its length and its diameter. Then several series of unconfined compression tests and direct shear tests were performed to investigate mechanical characteristics of reinforced lightweight soil. The experimental results indicated that stress-strain behaviors of reinforced lightweight soil were strongly influenced by mixing conditions of monofilament content, its length and diameter. The compressive strength of reinforced lightweight soil generally increased by adding monofilament. In this test, the maximum increase in compressive strength was obtained at 0.5% content and 4cm length of monofilament. These results were similar to those of direct shear tests. The unconfined compressive strength of reinforced lightweight soil with monofilament of 0.25mm in diameter was greater than that of reinforced lightweight soil with monofilament of 0.5mm in diameter.

Static and stress analyses of bi-directional FG porous plate using unified higher order kinematics theories

  • Mohamed, Salwa;Assie, Amr E.;Mohamed, Nazira;Eltaher, Mohamed A.
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.45 no.3
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    • pp.305-330
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    • 2022
  • This article aims to investigate the static deflection and stress analysis of bi-directional functionally graded porous plate (BDFGPP) modeled by unified higher order kinematic theories to include the shear stress effects, which not be considered before. Different shear functions are described according to higher order models that satisfy the zero-shear influence at the top and bottom surfaces, and hence refrain from the need of shear correction factor. The material properties are graded through two spatial directions (i.e., thickness and length directions) according to the power law distribution. The porosities and voids inside the material constituent are described by different cosine functions. Hamilton's principle is implemented to derive the governing equilibrium equation of bi-directional FG porous plate structures. An efficient numerical differential integral quadrature method (DIQM) is exploited to solve the coupled variable coefficients partial differential equations of equilibrium. Problem validation and verification have been proven with previous prestigious work. Numerical results are illustrated to present the significant impacts of kinematic shear relations, gradation indices through thickness and length, porosity type, and boundary conditions on the static deflection and stress distribution of BDFGP plate. The proposed model is efficient in design and analysis of many applications used in nuclear, mechanical, aerospace, naval, dental, and medical fields.