• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.245-245
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• 1996

When language A borrows words, it borrows them according to its own phonetic rules. In other words, language B, where borrowed words coming from, has to comply with the phonetic requirements of language A. It may be added that language A only borrows the elements, the types of syllables and accentuation that already exist in its own phonetic struture and rejects all the rest that are not compatible. It operates exactly like a sieve. That is why borrowed words offer an excellent observation post to notice how react in phonetic contexts. The Japanese language has borrowed and is borrowing extensively from other languages and cultures, mainly from the English ones in the fields of sports, medicine, industry, commerce, and natural sciences. Relatively very few new words are created using the ancient Chinese or native backgrounds. This presentation will look for the rules of borrowing and try to show that this way of borrowing represents an organized system of its own. Three levels would be particularly studied : - the phonemic level - the syllable level and - the accentual level. This last point would be specially targeted with the question of syllable tension-relaxation. Such a study of languages in phonetics contacts could shed some new light on the phonetic charaCteristics of Japanese language and will confirm or weaken some conclusion already demonstated otherwise. We will be aming specially at the endings of the borrowed words where, it seems, Japanese language manifests itself very strongly.

• 복식
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.20-34
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• 2010

This study is intended to suggest the characteristic of dress and its ornament introduced in terms of naturalized words on Korean newspapers and magazines published from the age of enlightenment to the Independence(1876-1945). First of all, naturalized words in that period(1876-1945) can be classified into words originated in Japanese, words originated in western countries and borrowed words came from Japan. Borrowed words which came from Japan are almost related to Japan's traditional dress like Gudu, Gabang, Kimono, Nemaki, Ebijahagama, Hagama, Sirusibanden, Doriachi, Dombi, Sarumada, Sseumeeri, Doriachi, and Mombbe. Borrowed words originated in western countries are like Frock coat, Bonnet, Necktie, Chapeau, Scotch, Homespun, Chamois, Skirt, Spring Coat, Ribbon, Silk hat, Panama hat, Handbag, Pajama, Shawl, Apron, Cuffs, Pocket, Handkerchief, Morning coat, Combination-one piece, Rain Coat, Burberry, and Permanent, etc. Borrowed words came from Japan is Lasa[raxa], jokki[jaket], Les[lace], Veludo[velvet], Bbanss[pants], Oba[overcoat], Meliyas[medias], Shass[shirt], Manto[manteau], and Sebiro[civil clothes]. As we can see from the result of research, borrowed words from the age of enlightenment to the Independence was because of its special social situation, Japanese imperialism, they are divided into real western words and words came from Japan or Japanese. In terms of items, a lot of words related to men's suit and women's dress, accessory, etc. It confirms that men's dress was westernized in the whole part compared to partially westernized women's one. A lot of words used at that period are now adapted to Korean language and became the foundation of words used in the current dress and its ornament area.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.287-308
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• 2013

Russian language tends to be quite open to borrowing. In Russian it has been for a long time the conventional way of expanding the lexicon, accepting many words from adjacent languages, including Church Slavic. In the contemporary Russian English has been the main source for loanwords. There are several linguistic factors for lexical borrowing: 1. the necessity of denominating new facts, phenomena or concepts, 2. the necessity of differentiating concepts, 3. the necessity of specializing new concepts, 4. the introduction of new international terms, 5. the increase of periphrastic expressions, 6. the needs for the more elegant and modern words. These factors have caused borrowing to enlarge the component of the lexicon and phrasal expressions, but excessive use of foreign words has brought about negative effects such as linguistic pollution. Some borrowed words are assimilated without serious conflicts, but other words undergo semantic changes in confrontation to existing words of similar meanings. These types of semantic changes comprise total change of meaning, reduction of semantic scale and extension of meaning. Semantic changes are caused by linguistic factors such as lexical conflict with existing words or by socio-culural factors such as misunderstanding of foreign words. And extension of meaning shows two types: qualitative extension and quantitative extension. The first means extending the semantic scope of a borrowed word and the latter - increasing the number of its sememe. In contemporary Russian language we can witness two productive phenomena: qualitative extension by socio-cultural factors, in which words with negative nuances are changed into those with positive ones and professional terms become common words, losing their professional meanings. On the other hand, by quantative extension some loanwords change their concrete meanings into abstract ones. In such cases loanwords acquire the additional meanings of abstractness, putting aside their original concrete meanings as the basic. On the contrary, the qualitative extension of adding the special meaning to general words or giving the concrete meaning to abstract words is not productive. And it is rarely witnessed that words of positive nuances are negatively used. It is considered that such cases are partly restricted in the spoken language or the jargon. Such phenomena may happen by the incomplete understanding of English words.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2008

Borrowed landscape is an Oriental gardening method to draw inside external natural landscape, and borrowed landscape of Japan has a different characteristic from that of Korea or China nature is manipulated and re-interpreted by human will in the course of applying it to architectural space. In other words, not the original scenery, but manipulated one appears which is cut, reduced, or deleted by architectural elements such as wall, window, or fence. Therefore, this study examined how architectural structure of Ando Tadao symbolizing modernist architecture understood and adopted Japanese traditional views on nature, that is, borrowed landscape. To this end, on the basis of the understanding on 'polymerization of abstraction and form' he mentioned, his geometric architectural principles are discussed, since this serves to be an important beginning of architectural concretization by the concept of 'form' experienced and perceived by human being through geometric means called architecture 'abstraction.' The findings of this study are as follows: first, it was found that Ando Tadao generates borrowed landscape effects by polymerizing and manipulating his simple and geometric structures with each other and thereby editing natural scenery, while Japanese traditional borrowed landscape introduces source scenery inside, through condensation and symbolization. Second, the results of this study revealed that his architecture functions to transcend external and internal realm of a space, which is also observed in Japanese traditional architectural borrowed landscape. Therefore, this study is considered significant in the sense that it proved that Ando Tadao's architectural language is based on borrowed landscape as a specific Japanese traditional element, going beyond the scope of previous studies focusing simply on the introduction of natural elements.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.135-191
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• 2017

본 연구는 프랑스 고유의 문화가 담긴 '공유문화 적재어'들을 선별하여 그 단어 속에 숨겨진 문화 콘텐츠들을 연구하고 이 단어들이 한국어에 차용되면서 새롭게 탄생한 문화 현상들을 탐구함으로써 프랑스와 한국 간의 상호문화교육을 위한 기초 자료를 형성하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 선별된 '공유문화 적재어'들을 프랑스 문화 내부적 관점과 상호문화적 관점이라는 두 가지 관점에서 연구하였다. 우선 프랑스 문화 내부적 관점에서 어휘문화적 접근으로 프랑스어 단어들 가운데 한국어에 차용된 단어들 중에서 의 식 주에 해당하는 프랑스어 '공유문화 적재어' 들을 선별하여 그 단어 속에 담긴 프랑스 고유의 문화를 사전적 의미, 문화적 현상, 숙어나 관용어 표현 속에 나타난 특별한 문화 현상에 대해 탐구함으로써 그 단어의 사전적 정의를 뛰어넘는 특별한 공시를 밝혀주었다. 나아가 상호문화적 접근으로 프랑스 문화와 한국 문화의 접촉으로 동일한 프랑스어 단어가 새로운 의미로 탄생하게 되는 과정들을 차용어의 변용 양상과 문화적 현상을 중심으로 탐구함으로써 두 문화 속에 작용하는 언어적 문화적 요소들의 유사성과 차별성을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 현상들을 탐구할 수 있었다. 프랑스 '공유문화 적재어' 속에 다양한 문화와 역사가 담겨 있어 개별 단어들에 대한 탐구가 프랑스 문화를 깊이 있게 탐구하도록 할뿐 아니라 이들 단어가 사용된 숙어나 관용어 표현들을 통해 개별 단어 속에서 발견하지 못한 새로운 문화 현상들이 담화 속에 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 나아가 한국어로 차용된 프랑스어 단어들은 대부분 문화 간 교류에 의해 이루어지기 때문에 부정적인 이미지를 지닌 경우보다 긍정적인 의미로 사용되는데 의미의 왜곡이 일어나는 경우가 상당수 있었다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1997

This study is concerned with the bai su(背戍) of Koryo period which recorded in Kei Rim Yu Sa(鷄林類事). Results of this research can be summarized as follows : The record of Bai Su(背戍) in Kei Rim Yu Sa(鷄林類事) was correct. It was not a mistake in writing. Thus, this word(背戍) was used by the people of Koryo. The 背戍 of Koryo was related to Aramaic patash and Japanese byets or bats, バツ. It was found that 背戍 of Koryo was very similar to Aramaic patash, legging. It indicates that 背戍 was derived from Aramaic and it was a transliteration of patash. Thus, 背戍 was a borrowed word from Aramaic. Also it was found that 背戍 of Koryo and Japanese byets(ぺツ) or bats(バツ) showed a very close affininty with each other in phonetic value. These words had the same meanings of 襪 one another. It reveals that 背戍 of Koryo and Japanese byets of bats has the same origins. Japanese byets or bats were transliterations of 背戍 of Koryo and they were borrowed words from 背戍 of Koryo.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2017

In this paper, I have reviewed some of the Korean traditional architectural vocabularies that have to be reconsidered in terms of the problem of decode, the problem of meaning, the meaning of explain meaning, and the problem of form analysis. Especially, correct decode and interpretation of Uigwe's Korean ancient architecture borrowed character can correct old decode and interpretation. Furthermore, I confirmed that I could correct the Korean ancient architecture vocabulary that was expiscated wrongly. Especially borrowed characters corresponding to 머름[meoreum](paneling) have been known only far away 遠音[meoreum]. In addition, there were also 遠驗[meolheom] 亇乙軒[meolheon] 亇乙險[meolheom] 亇乙音[meoreom], and so on. Furthermore, in the process of decode these notations, it has become possible to assume that the original words of the modern language 머름[meoreum] also came from *멀험[meolheom]. On the other hand, there are many kinds of people like 付叱心[bussim] 夫叱心[bussim] 扶叱心[bussim] 富叱心[bussim] 富心[bussim]과 北叱心 [bussim] 北心[bussim]. You can also check the Korean ancient architecture vocabulary. However, corresponding words are difficult to find in modern Korean languages. However, in Jeju dialect, we can confirm the corresponding word. This word was used in the Joseon Dynasty, and confirmed that it is dead language today. As mentioned above, it is confirmed that there are many misconceptions about the decode and meaning of the architectural vocabulary made of borrowed character in existing architectural dictionaries, Korean dictionaries, and Korean ancient architecture related papers. Also, although the form is being confirmed, it has been confirmed that there are many things that need to be clarified, such as what the decode is, what the meaning is, and the origin I have also confirmed a number of things that need to be properly expomed in the original form, the original word. In the future, those who study Korean ancient architecture vocabulary and traditional architectural vocabulary should also be interested in these things and research it properly.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.359-384
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• 2013

There is linguistic phenomenon that Korean syllable, morpheme and word are substituted with Chinese Character. These phenomenon is called Chinese Character Borrowing, the Chinese character used here is called Borrowed Chinese Character. Whereas borrowing Chinese character in Chinese is used for borrowing only sound for different word, borrowing Chinese character in Korean is used for assigning new meaning. Hence, by borrowing Chinese character in Korean, a syllable which had no meaning originally get new meaning, morpheme and word meaning has changed. At advertisement and campaign, Chinese Character Borrowing has lots of linguistical advantage such as visual immediacy, effectiveness of meaning expression. However, there are number of cases found that violate grammar rule and word constitution practice by Chinese Character Borrowing. For this reason, Chinese Character Borrowing has the problem polluting Korean along with another foreign words. Thus, this paper focus on study Chinese Character Borrowing phenomenon in Korean, and analysis its effectiveness and impact in Korean. In addition, analysis the problem of Borrowed chinese Character, and suggestion several alternative for right use of Korean is followed.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.86-87
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• 2000

In this paper, we discuss why two different surface forms appear in loanwords for English and German /${\int}$/ In Korean, a vowel is inserted into loanwords if a consonant cannot be properly syllabified. Therefore, /${\int}$/ in some positions of loanwords trigger vowel insertion. Interestingly, /${\int}$/s in the onset cluster of English and German words were borrowed in Korean as Iful with the inserted vowel [u] whereas If Is in the coda position of English and German words were borrowed as Ifil with the inserted vowel [i]. For example, 'shrimp' is adopted as [${\int}urimphi$] whereas 'rush' is adopted as [$ra{\int}i$]. In this paper, we attempt to find out the phonetic reason for the distribution of the surface forms of /${\int}$/. We assume that since the formant frequency of [i] is higher than that of [u], the peak frequency of /${\int}$/ with the surface form of [${\int}$i] in loanwords may be higher than that of /${\int}$/ with the surface form of [${\int}u$]. We also assume that duration may be another factor for the distribution of [${\int}i$] and [${\int}u$]. Since /${\int}$/ and /u/ use lip rounding whereas /i/ doesn't, the duration for [${\int}i$] might be longer than that of [${\int}u$]. German supports our assumption. /${\int}$/ in the onset cluster is longer than /${\int}$/ in the coda position. It also has higher peak frequency than that of /${\int}$/ in the coda position. In loanwords, ${\int}$ in the onset cluster is borrowed as [${\int}u$] as in Spiegel whereas /${\int}$/ in the coda position is borrowed as [${\int}i$] as in Bosch. English, however, does not support our assumption. Peak frequency of [${\int}$] depends on the preceding vowel, not on its position in the syllable structure. If the preceding vowel is front, then the peak freuency of the following of the following /${\int}$/ is high but if the preceding vowel is back, than the peak frequency of the following /${\int}$/ is low. The peak frequency of /${\int}$/ in the onset cluster seems to be in between. As we assumed, however, the duration of /${\int}$/ in the coda position is longer than of /${\int}$/ in the onset cluster. With the mixed results, we question whether Koreans really hear two different xounds for /${\int}$/ in English words. For the future experiment, we would like to perform the perception tet for /${\int}$/ in English words.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

The intervocalic Korean liquid sound has been recognized as a flap in the studies of the Korean language. But there has been very little experimental data corroborating it. The electropalatographic (EPG) experiment was conducted to test this. The subjects were one Korean speaker and one native English speaker who had a pseudopalate and did the EPG experiment at the UCLA phonetics laboratory. The spectrographic evidence of the flaps in both the English t-flap and the Korean liquid flap was also sought. The English and Korean flaps were between mid/low back vowels so that the vowels themselves would not affect palatal contacts of the tongue. The results confirmed that the Korean liquid is realized as a flap in intervocallical position with many similar properties to English flap in both EPG and spectrographic data. The Korean initial liquid sound in borrowed words such as 'rotary' and 'radio' was also a flap. But the Korean liquid in the word-final and geminate positions was a lateral as in words 'dol ' (stone), 'dollo' (with stone), 'nal' (day) and 'nallara' (carry). The intuitive theory of the Korean liquid flap was proved by the EPG and spectrographic data.