• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2010

Objective : In this study, the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program was applied to patients presenting with depression and anxiety after surgery from spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the effects were assessed. Methods : The subjects were patients admitted for cerebral aneurysm rupture and treated by means of surgery from March to December, 2007. More than 6 months had passed after surgery, without any special lesions showing up on computed tomography (CT), and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) was 5 points. Among patients with anxiety and depression symptoms, 11 patients completed the program. The MBSR program was conducted once a week, 2.5 hours each, for 8 weeks. The evaluation criteria were : 1) the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): it measures the type and level of depression, 2) the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory : the anxiety state of normal adults without mental disorder, and 3) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) : the influence of the autonomous nervous system on the sinoarterial node varies continuously in response to the change of the internal/external environment. Results : The BDI value was decreased from 18.5 ${\pm}$ 10.9 to 9.5 ${\pm}$ 7.1 (p = 0.013) : it was statistically significant, and the depression level of patients was lowered. The state anxiety was decreased from 51.3 ${\pm}$ 13.9 to 42.3 ${\pm}$ 15.2; the trait anxiety was reduced from 50.9 ${\pm}$ 12.3 to 41.3 ${\pm}$ 12.8, and a borderline significant difference was shown (p = 0.091, p = 0.056). In other words, after the treatment, although it was not statistically significant, a decreased tendency in anxiety was shown. In the HRV measurement, standard deviation normal to normal (SDNN), square root of the square root of the mean sum of squared differences between adjacent normal to normal intervals (RMSSD), and total power (TP) showed significant increase, Physical Stress Index (PSI) showed a significant reduction, and thus an improvement in the homeostatic control mechanism of the autonomic nervous system was ween. Conclusion : The MBSR program was applied to the patients showing anxiety and depression reaction after SAH treatment, and a reduction in depression symptoms and physiological reactions were observed. The application of the MBSR program may be considered as a new tool in improving the quality of life for patients after surgery.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.686-700
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• 2003

우리나라에서는 공식적인 행정명칭 이외에 각 도 또는 일부지방의 별칭이 오늘날 뿐 만 아니라 지방행정제도로 도제가 확고하게 시행되었던 조선시대에도 널리 통용되었다. 별칭 중에 가장 대표적인 것은 조선의 8도(정확하게는 경기와 7도)를 대신하는 기호 관동 호서 해서 호남 영남 관서 관북과 강원도의 동부와 서부를 지칭하는 영동 영서이다. 이 별칭들의 유래는 거의 전부 지형을 비롯한 자연지리적 요소에 그 기준을 두고 있어, 도회지명에 전적으로 의존했던 공식적인 행정도명과 비교된다. 별칭 중에는 13∼14세기의 문헌에 등장하는 것도 있으며, 15세기 후반부터는 8도의 별칭 모두가 널리 통용된 것 같다. 별칭이 길게는 700년이 넘게, 짧은 것도 500여년에 걸쳐 지속적으로 사용되면서 지리적으로는 공식적인 행정지명에 못지않은 역할을 해온 것이다. 오늘날 조선 8도와 일부 지방의 별칭은 그곳의 문화와 역사적 배경을 담고 있는 것으로 인식되어 은연중에 지리적인 '지역구분'의 단위로 받아들여질 만큼 그 의미가 중요해졌다. 각 도의 별칭은 공식적인 행정도명과는 달리 그 유래나 의미 등에 대한 구체적인 내용을 문헌자료를 통해서 파악하기가 쉽지 않다. 그러나 이것에 대해 지리학계와 일반인들에게 흔히 소개되는 내용이 없는 것은 아니다. 다만 이 내용 중에도 면밀한 검토가 필요한 부분이 있다. 우선 관북 관서 관동의 '관'과 영남 영동 영서의 '영'은 널리 알려진 것처럼 고갯길 한두 개만 지칭한다고 보기보다는 각각 접경지대(변경지대), 군사상의 요충지가 많은 지방과 소백산맥 태백산맥을 의미하는 면도 있다고 믿어진다. 그리고 호남 호서 기호의 '호'는 금강과 의림지를 기준으로 한 것으로 보이지만, 보다 면밀한 검토가 필요하다. 해서는 경기만의 서쪽이라는 의미와 함께 해주와 서하(풍천)의 머릿글자를 따라 정했을 가능성도 있는 것 같다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2002

국내에서 폐 유상피 혈관내피종이 악성으로 진행하여 사망한 예는 1예만 보고되어 있다. 단일 폐결절이 있는 환자에서 개흉 폐절제술후 병리조직학적으로 종양세포의 유사분열과 괴사를 동반하여 악성 유상피 혈관내피종으로 진단하고 예후가 불량할 것으로 예상되는 1예와 단순 흉부 촬영상 양측 다발성 폐결절이 있는 무증상 환자에서 비디오 흉강경 폐생검으로 폐 유상피 혈관내피종을 진단 후 조직학적 및 임상적으로 악성 소견 없이 경과를 관찰 중인 1예 및 양측 폐의 다발성 결절성 병변과 늑막액을 동반하여 개흉 폐생검으로 폐 유상피 혈관내피종을 진단 후 호흡부전으로 사망한 1예의 폐 유상피 혈관내피종 3예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.1800-1806
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• 2010

본 연구는 1일 1.5 L씩 4주간의 바나듐수 음용이 비진행성 암환자의 피로감 개선에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 지 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구 결과 4주간의 바나듐수 음용은 비진행성 암환자의 피로감 개선을 위해 통계적으로 경계선상의 유의성을 보였으므로 향후에는 탐색형 연구로부터 확증형 연구를 통하여 피험자 수가 증가할 경우 통계학적으로 유의성을 보일 것이라고 예상되므로 근거 확보를 위한 진일보한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 즉 1일 1.5 L씩 4주간의 바나듐수 음용은 비진행성 암환자의 피로감 개선에 대해 유의수준 10%에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이는 바나듐수가 암 환자의 피로에 도움이 되고 또한 참여자 수가 늘어날 경우 통계학적으로 유의성을 보일 것이라는 최소한의 근거를 보여주는 것이다. 향후에는 피험자수의 증가를 비롯하여 성별, 암종별 피험자수를 매치하고 피로감 개선을 포함한 기타 추가 기능에 대한 연구 수행을 기대할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1975

Growth retardation and a variable degree of body disproportion are recognized features of malnutrition, and mild and moderate protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM). Among the various body measurements suggested to assess the prevalence of all grades of PCM as judged by growth retardation and by body disproportion, the 'mid-upper-arm circumference'-abbreviated to 'arm-circumference' has been suggested as a potential useful simple field index for the assessment of PCM showing that the measurement would give composite information simultaneously on three important effects on PCM-deficit in the muscle protein reservoirs, availability of calorie stores in the form of subcutaneous fat, and growth failure. And this is selected because of its easy accessibility, and less involvement with clinical edema. This study is conducted to make a comparison between the percentage of Korean weight for age standards and the percentage of mid-upper-arm circumference for age standards of 175 preschool children aged $3{\sim}72$ months who are selected among the low-income residents in Seoul. In this study, a comparison is made between the results obtained by expressing the observed weight of the child as a percentage of Korean standard, referred to as 'weight-for-age' and the observed arm-circumference expressed as a percentage of the age-specific arm standard of Jelliffe, referred to as 'arm-for-age'. All the measurements were taken following the techniques described by Jelliffe. The left mid upper arm was measured using a glass-fibre tape and the Fairbanks Morse beam balance was used for weighing. 80% level of weight for age Korean standard and 85% level of arm for are Jelliffe standard were used as an upper borderline limit for PCM. Comparing the 80% weight-for-age and the 85% arm-for-age standard as an upper limit for PCM, for children aged $3{\sim}72$ months, results in 84.6% agreement with the sensitivity of 86.4% and its specificity of 83.5%. If arm circumference alone had been measured and judgement made on this basis, then only 5.1% of the children would have been 'wrongly' classified. And there is a moderately close correlation between arm circumference and weight for age as the data in Table 4 shows. The problem therefore lies in the standard for arm circumference in normal children and in determining what is the lower limit of normal. Once this is clearly difined, one can rely more confidently on arm circumference measurements alone for the nutritional assessment of early childhood.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1980

A dietary survey of 100 children, aged 5 to 6, of Y.C. Kindergarten located in Yowido apartment compound of Seoul, was conducted July 18 to August 21, 1979. The results are summarized as follows: General family environment: Ninety four percent of the subjects were from families having two to three children, without grandparents in the home. One hundred percent of fathers were educated at or above the college level, while 83.9% of mothers had completed college. Mothers' ages ranged from 30 to 40 years, with 58% in the $31{\sim}35$ age bracket. Nearly 60% of the fathers were office and government employees, 10% were professors and teachers, 30% were engaged in businesses and other work, while 91.3% of mothers were unemployed. Anthropometric measurements: Mean values of standing height, body weight, girth of head and girth of chest, ranged from the 75th to the 90th percentile of Korean standards. None of the subjects had anthropometric indicators below the 5th percentile, representing the malnutrition borderline, of the Korean standards; while 12%, 24%, 17% and 14% of subjects supposed the 97th percentile in standing height, body weight, girth of head, and girth of chest, respectively. Furthermore, 58% of subjects exceeded Jelliffe's standard in arm circumferences; 60%, in triceps skinfold thickness; and 14.5% of subjects exceeded 120% of the latter standard. From this data, a certain number of these children were judged to he rather overweight. Dietary intake: Mean intake per day of energy and of nutrients, excluding iron, reached or exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowances. The energy input ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 61.4 : 13.2 : 25.4, showing lower dependance on carbohydrates and higher dependance on fat for energy needs, compared with the average for Korean children of the same age group. Mean FAO-protein score of each subject's diet was shown to be as high as 90.6. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, and evening meal, on the average, in a ratio of 19.6 : 24.1 : 23.0. Approximately 33.3% of the daily caloric intake came from the snacks. Nutrition Knowledge of mothers: Nutrition knowledge of mothers was highly scored. Mothers' self-evaluations of their knowledge of nutrition was highly correlated with attitudes toward nutrition behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.315-323
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• 2012

Korean undergraduate students attempt to lose weight but often fail due to utilizing ineffective weight loss strategies. Some diet programs have succeeded, yet, they have not provided adequate skills for long-term weight maintenance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a low calorie diet and exercise with nutritional education on weight loss, serum lipid profiles, nutrient intakes, and dietary behavior modification in overweight and obese undergraduate students. The subjects in the low calorie diet group (LCD; n = 12) and the low calorie diet plus exercise group (LCDE; n = 13) had the same goal of losing 4 kg during a 12 week program. Nutrient intakes were assessed by the 24 hour recall method. Also, food habits and dietary behaviors were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. LCD and LCDE groups lowered body weight by 2 kg and 1 kg, respectively, although they decreased calorie intake by 355 and 287 kcal per day compared to intakes prior to the study. Body fat mass decreased in both the LCD and LCDE groups; however, the decrease was greater in the LCDE group. In addition, only the LCDE group increased muscle mass. The LCD group had a slightly better effect in reducing body weight, body fat, and waist circumference than the LCDE group. However, their decrease was reversed after the mid-study check in the LCD group; the reduction was better maintained and decreased more in the LCDE group. However, serum lipid profiles were already in borderline prior to the study; moreover, they were not modified after losing weight. The dietary behavior program helped students to develop better dietary habits. In conclusion, the combination of a low calorie diet and exercise is necessary in order to maintain longer weight loss by increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.957-964
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• 2010

Purpose: Our study attempted to determine the prognostic significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) detected by a simplified flow cytometric assay during induction chemotherapy in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Methods: A total of 98 patients were newly diagnosed with precursor B-ALL from June 2004 to December 2008 at the Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). Of those, 37 were eligible for flow cytometric MRD study analysis on day 14 of their induction treatment. The flow cytometric MRD assay was based on the expression intensity of CD19/CD10/CD34 or aberrant expression of myeloid antigens by bone marrow nucleated cells. Results: Thirty-five patients (94.6%) had CD19-positive leukemic cells that also expressed CD10 and/or CD34, and 18 (48.6%) had leukemic cells with aberrant expression of myeloid antigens. Seven patients with ${\geq}1%$ leukemic cells on day 14 had a significantly lower relapse-free survival (RFS) compared to the 30 patients with lower levels (42.9 % [18.7%] vs. 92.0% [5.4%], $P$=0.004). Stratification into 3 MRD groups (${\geq}1%$, 0.1-1%, and <0.1%) also showed a statistically significant difference in RFS (42.9% [18.7%] vs. 86.9% [8.7%] vs. 100%, $P$=0.013). However, the MRD status had no significant influence on overall survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the MRD level on day 14 was an independent prognostic factor with borderline significance. Conclusion: An MRD assay using simplified flow cytometry during induction chemotherapy may help to identify patients with B-ALL who have an excellent outcome and patients who are at higher risk for relapse.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권10호
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• pp.1052-1057
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• 2008

목 적: 초등학생들의 실제 체격 측정치와 자신의 체격에 대한 인식 및 만족도를 살펴보고, 그에 따른 자아존중감, 사회성 및 문제행동특성을 규명하고자 한다. 방 법: 서울에 소재한 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년생 465명(남학생 231명, 여학생 234명)을 대상으로 키와 체중에 대한 인식 및 만족도 조사, 자아존중감 검사(self-esteem inventory, SEI), 아동 청소년 행동평가척도(Korean Child Behavior Checklist, K-CBCL)를 실시하였다. 이들에서 신장과 체질량지수를 구하여 2007년 대한소아과학회의 신체발육표준치를 기준으로 저신장, 경계군, 정상 또는 비만, 과체중, 정상의 세 군으로 분류하였고, 키에 대한 인식도는 작은 편, 보통, 큰 편으로, 체중에 대한 인식도는 마른 편, 보통, 뚱뚱한 편으로 구분하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS for Windows (version 12.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA)를 사용하여 chi-square test, ANOVA test등을 실시하여 분석하였다. 결과: 실측된 자신의 키와 체중에 대하여 인식 및 만족도에서 의미 있는 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 키나 체중의 실제 측정치에 따른 자아존중감, 사회성, 행동특성의 유의한 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다(P>0.05). 키와 체중에 대한 인식과 만족도에 따라 자아존중감에 의미 있는 차이를 보였다 (P<0.01). 결 론: 자신의 키나 체중에 대하여 정확하게 인식하고 만족하고 있는 아동들의 자아존중감이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 체격에 대한 올바른 인식확립과 교육으로 심리적 지지를 제공해야 하겠다.