• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1185-1190
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Td booster immunization in early preadolescents of Korea. Methods : Healthy preadolescents, who had been vaccinated with 4 or 5 doses of DTaP vaccines until 6 years old age, were enrolled in this study from August 2006 to April 2007. Diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies in sera were measured by ELISA just before vaccination and 4 weeks after vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity. Local and systemic adverse reactions observed for 4 weeks after vaccination to access reactogenicity. Results : 183 preadolescents were enrolled and mean age was $11.40{\pm}0.51$ years old. All subjects achieved seroprotective diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies (titers ${\geq}0.1IU/mL$) after Td booster vaccination. Among 183 vaccinees, 73.8% showed local adverse reactions and 37.2% systemic adverse reactions. Pain at injection site (66.1%) was the most common local reaction, and the most commonly shown systemic reaction was myalgia (17.5%). The adverse reactions were spontaneously relieved within three days after vaccination. Conclusion : Td vaccine in this study was high immunogenic and showed an acceptable tolerance in Korean preadolescents. Td booster vaccination at 11-12 years old is the most effective method to increase compliance of the vaccination and to decrease the incidence of diphtheria and tetanus.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2006

Streptococcal infections were considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in fish farm industry. We evaluated the efficacies of Streptococcus iniae vaccines in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The vaccines were prepared from 10% neutral buffered formalin to give a final concentration of 0.3% or 3%, respectively. Fish were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of the experimental vaccines once or twice. Neither of the vaccines gave rise to any significant side effects. The antibody titers of booster immunized groups were significantly higher than those of prime immunized groups with both of the vaccines. According to formalin dosage, significantly increased antibody titers were produced by 3% formalin-killed cells (FKC) at 4weeks and 8weeks after prime and booster vaccination, respectively. Although the different levels of antibody production were showed by the vaccinated fish, the good protection obtained in challenge trials of the both vaccines. Fish immunized with 0.3% FKC once or twice had the relative percent survival (RPS) of 66.7% and 87.5%, respectively. Similarly, fish immunized with 3% FKC once or twice had the RPS of 70.0% and 77.0%, respectively. Further experiments are needed to study not only correlation between the antibody titers and RPS against S. iniae but also the side effects of high dose of formalin on antigenicity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-55
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Astragali Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(AR-HAS) at $ST_{36}$(jok-samni, $Z\acute{u}s\bar{a}n$ Li) on collagen- II -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen(CII) on days 0 and 21 to induce arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups : normal group(no CIA), control group(CIA+no treatment), needle prick group(CIA+single prick with an injection needle), saline group(CIA+saline injection) and ARHA group(CIA+ R-HA treatment). The needle prick, saline injection, and AR-HA groups were injected on the right $ST_{36}$(jok-samni) of mice for 9 weeks, 3 times a week, beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The incidence of arthritis, AI(arthritis index), and joint edema decreased in the AR-HA group. 2. Weight gain, hypertrophy of the spleen, adhesion of the tissues, and transformation of the joint were restrained in the AR-HA group. 3. The concentrations of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in CIA mouse serum and $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the AR-HA group. 4. Total cell counts increased significantly, and the ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$, and $CD4^+$ to $CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture of the AR-HA group. 5. Total cell counts decreased significantly, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse lymph nodes of the AR-HA group. 6. $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group. 7. The histological examination showed that cartilage destruction and synoviocyte proliferation decreased in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group, and collagen fiber was expressed similar to that seen in the normal group. Conclusions : Our experiments show that at $ST_{36}$, an anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR-HA controls synovial cell proliferation and protects against cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.665-671
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• 1992

To investigate the effects of immunization against somatostatin (SRIF) on growth rate, feed efficiency and carcass quality; forth-eight Yorkshire gilts ($age=37.5{\pm}4.3d,\;wt=8.2{\pm}1.6kg$) were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatments (1) control, (2) bovine serum albumin (BSA) and (3) SRIF. Cyclic SRIF was conjugated to BSA as the antigen containing 1 mg of SRIF diluted in 3 ml of saline. The conjugate was injected subsutaneously together with bacterial cell protein (BP) adjuvant on both sides of the neck of each gilt as the initial injection with three subsequent booster injections. Throughout the experiment all pigs were fed ad libitum a corn-soy diet containing 20% protein. Body weight and feed intake were measured on a weekly basis. All pigs in the experiment were slaughtered when they approached 101 kg body weight on the weekly weigh day. After slaughter, carcass parameters were analyzed to assess carcass quality. Results revealed that there were no differences among SRIF, BSA and control treatments for average daily gain, feed efficiency and feed intake during the first 5 wk of the experiment and from 6 wk to slaughter. The results for carcass analysis indicated that active immunization against SRIF had no effect on fat content, lean yield, water content and Canadian carcass index These data, collectively, suggest that the protocol employed in the present investigation for active immunization against SRIF is not an effective method for the enhancement of pig growth and improvement of feed efficiency and carcass quality.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2011

배경 및 목적 : 봉독약침요법(bee venom pharmacopuncture, BVP)은 rheumatoid arthritis(RA)의 치료에 활용되고 있으나, RA로 인한 염증성 통증에 대한 봉독약침의 진통효과와 specific mechanism은 아직까지 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 RA animal model로서 collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) rat model에서 봉독약침의 a1-adrenergic, 5HT-3 그리고 muscarinic cholinergic mechanism을 확인하고자 한다. 방법 : CIA를 유도하기 위하여 male Sprague-Dawley rat에 freund's incomplete adjuvant에 유화(乳化)시킨 bovine type II collagen을 주입하고 14일 후 booster injection 시행하였다. 진통효과는 tail flick latency (TFL)로 평가하였다. 결과 : 관절염의 유도 이후 염증성 통증 역치는 시간이 지나면서 낮아지며, 5주 이후로는 통증 역치에 큰 변화가 없이 유지되었다. 첫 번째 immunization으로부터 5주 경과 후 족삼리($ST_{36}$)에 봉독약침처치(0.25 mg/ kg)를 시행하여 유의한 진통효과를 관찰하였다. 또한 봉독약침의 진통효과는 ondansetron(5HT-3 receptor antagonist, 0.5mg/kg, i.p.), atropine(muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치에 의하여 억제되었으나, prazosin(a1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치에 의해서는 억제되지 않았다. 결론 : 봉독약침은 CIA로 인한 염증성 통증에 유의한 진통효과를 나타내며 그 analgesic mechanism은 5HT-3와 muscarinic cholinergic receptor에 의하여 매개되며 a1-adrenergic receptor에 의하여 매개되지는 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.410-415
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• 2002

Adrenal glucocorticoids, secreted by the stimulus of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are catabolic hormones in the pig. The present study was conducted to find whether active immunization against ACTH would suppress cortisol secretion accompanied by an increased growth rate in growing-finishing barrows. ACTH was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or human histone using glutaraldehyde or 3-maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide, under a 2 (ACTH vs no hapten)${\times}$2 (carrier)${\times}$2 (crosslinker) factorial arrangement of treatments. Cross-bred barrows weighing approximately 25 kg were injected with an ACTHcarrier or carrier only conjugate every 4th wk and slaughtered at approximately 110 kg body weight. Antibodies against ACTH were detected in serum, as determined by $[^{125}I]$ACTH-binding activity, in most animals immunized against the ACTH conjugate, but not in carrier only-injected animals, except for the animals which had received the hapten conjugated to histone via glutaraldehyde. The $[^{125}I]$ACTH-binding activity of serum increased after the second booster injection, but overall ACTH antibody titer was very low. Main effect was not detected not only for the carrier and crosslinker but for the hapten in serum cortisol concentration, ADG, loin muscle area, backfat thickness and longissimus muscle composition including fat and protein. In addition, bound $[^{125}I]$ACTH percentage had no relation to cortisol concentration or to any of the above growth-related variables. Results suggest that ACTH or its conjugates used in the present study were not immunogenically potent enough to affect the glucocorticoid secretion and thus the growth of the immunized pigs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.86-86
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• 1995

The analysis of membrane receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters has progressed considerably by pharmacological and biochemical means and more recently by the use of specific anti-receptor antibodies. A 14-mer peptide (from Phe102 to Leu115 of ${\beta}$2-adrenergic receptor) was synthesized and this peptide was coupled to carrier protein Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin(KLH) by glutaraldehyde method. A 0.5mg of KLH-coupled peptide was emulsified with equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and injected via popliteal lymph node to each of the three Newzealnd White rabbits. Booster injections were repeated at 4 weeks interval for three times with incomplete Freund's adjuvants. One week after the final injection, serum was prepared from ear artery. Nonspecific immunoglobulins were removed by passing the serum through KLH-Sepharose 6B affinity matrix and further by incubation with bovine lung aceton powder. The titer of the antibody for synthetic peptide which was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was about l/l,000. The antibody produced in this study revealed 67kDa protein band in the western blot of partially purified guinea pig lung ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor preparation. The antibody inhibited ${\beta}$-adrenergic antaginist [3H] Dihydroalprenolol binding to soluble ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor by 25% while control sera did not show any inhibitory effects, The result of this study suggests that the peptide sequence selected in this study may play some important roles in adrenergic receptor-ligand interaction.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

Objective: To investigate the analgesic effect and its serotonergic mechanism, especially related with 5-HTI and 5-HT2 receptor, of electroacupuncture(EA) in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA). Methods : Immunization of male Sprague-Dawley rats with bovine type II (C II) collagen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, followed by a booster injection 14 days later, leads to development of arthritis in more than 70% of rats by 21 days postinjection. After three weeks of first immunization, EA stimulation(2 Hz, 0.07 mA, 0.3 ms) was delivered into Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) for 30 minutes. Analgesic effect was evaluated by tail flick latency(TFL). We compared the analgesic effect of EA with TFLs between pretreatment of normal saline and pretreatment of spiroxatrine (5-HT1 receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and spiperone (5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in CIA. Results : 1. TFLs were gradually decreased in CIA as increasing severity of arthritis. 2. Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA stimulation in CIA increased TFLs and the effect lasted for 60 minutes. 3. Increased TFLs with Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA stimulation were inhibited by pretreatment of spiroxatrine and spiperone in CIA. Conclusions : Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA showed analgesic effects in CIA The analgesic effects of Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA were inhibited by spiroxatrine and spiperone pretreatment. These observations suggest that 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor, which involve the release of serotonin neurotransmitter, play an important roles in analgesic mechanism of EA stimulation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 2023

The rifampicin-resistant strain E9-302 of Edwardsiella ictaluri strain 669 (WT) was generated by continuous passage on BHI agar plates containing increasing concentrations of rifampicin. E9-302 was attenuated significantly by 119 times to zebrafish Danio rerio compared to WT in terms of the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀). Zebrafish vaccinated with E9-302 via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at a dose of 1 × 10³ CFU/fish had relative percentage survival (RPS) rates of 85.7% when challenged with wild-type E. ictaluri via IP 14 days post-vaccination (dpv). After 14 days of primary vaccination with E9-302 via immersion (IM) at a dose of 4 × 10⁷ CFU/ml, a booster IM vaccination with E9-302 at a dose of 2 × 10⁷ CFU/ml exhibited 65.2% RPS against challenge with wild-type E. ictaluri via IP 7 days later. These results indicated that the rifampicin-resistant attenuated strain E9-302 had potential as a live vaccine against E. ictaluri infection. A previously unreported amino acid site change at position 142 of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) β subunit encoded by the gene rpoB associated with rifampicin resistance was identified. Analysis of the whole-genome sequencing results revealed multiple missense mutations in the virulence-related genes esrB and sspH2 in E9-302 compared with WT, and a 189 bp mismatch in one gene, whose coding product was highly homologous to glycosyltransferase family 39 protein. This study preliminarily explored the molecular mechanism underlying the virulence attenuation of rifampicin-resistant strain E9-302 and provided a new target for the subsequent study of the pathogenic mechanism of E. ictaluri.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2024

Streptococcosis, caused by Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus parauberis is an important bacterial disease that affects in olive flounder in Korea. In Korea, multivalent bacterial vaccines are used to prevent streptococcal diseases in aquaculture. In this study, commercial vaccines containing formalin-inactivated bacterial cells of S. iniae and S. parauberis were administered at six fish farms and one unvaccinated fish farm were designated for investigation (Wando; 4 sites and Jeju; 3 sites). Blood was collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated olive flounders, and titers of antibodies against S. iniae and S. parauberis in serum were analyzed using ELISA. After a one shot vaccination in the farms at Jeju (farm A) and Wando (farm D), the proportion of individuals with specific antibodies against S. parauberis OD values of 0.4 or higher was 60% and 53.5%, respectively. But after booster vaccination, the proportion of individuals with serum OD values of 0.4 or higher was higher substantially increased to 96.6% (farm A) and 100% (farm D). The levels of S. parauberis specific antibodies of olive flounder were increased after vaccination in three fish farms (farm D, E, and F), but not S. iniae specific antibodies.