• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 1995

This experiment was undertaken in order to clarify effect of NO$_3$-N/NH$_4$-N ratios(NO$_3$/NH$_4$ : 10:0, 8:2) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, photosynthetic rate, relative concentration of chlorophyll and root activity of hydroponically grown pepper plants at three different root- zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaf and root were no effect in by three root- zone temperatures. However, leaf number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem, dry weight of root at 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ increased when NH$_4$-N was added to the solution. Under root-Bone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, fruit length were longer by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Fruit number and yield increased by the addition of NH$_4$-N at three root-zone temperatures. Photosynthetic rate decreased as root - zone temperature increased. Under root-zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, photosynthetic rate increased significantly by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Chlorophyll content of plants increased at 22$^{\circ}C$. Under root-zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, chlorophyll content of plants increased by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Root activity of increased at 26$^{\circ}C$ Under root-Bone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, root activity increased by the addition of NH$_4$- N.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

Purpose: Hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary disease, characterized by hypophosphatemia due to renal phosphate wasting, impaired renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$, rachitic bone deformities and impaired growth. The purpose of this study is to provide clinical profiles of patients with hypophosphatemic rickets in our hospital. Methods: Between July 1983 and February 2004, 56 patients were diagnosed as having hypophosphatemic rickets. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical manifestations, family histories, laboratory data, treatment outcomes were described. Results: Fifty six patients were enrolled in this study. The average age at symptom onset and diagnosis were 20 months and 5 years respectively. Fourteen patients had family histories. The main clinical manifestations were bow legs and short stature. There was a significant negative correlation between the ages and the height z-scores at the time of diagnosis(r=-0.47, P=0.005). Initial laboratory data showed normocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate and a normal range of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ Radiographic examinations of bone revealed fraying, widening and cupping of the metaphyseal ends. Treatment consisted of Joulie solution and vitamin D metabolites, and resulted in improved biochemical and radiographic findings. However, height z-scores remained essentially unchanged(P=0.224). Complications of treatment were frequently observed, including hyperparathyroidism, nephrocalcinosis, and hypercalciuria. Sixteen patients had corrective osteotomy and 4 of them underwent leg lengthening together. Conclusion: There was a gap of several years between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis. Early treatment seems to be essential to growth. For the earlier treatment, the offsprings of affected parents should be followed up closely.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

Purpose: Adipose tissue is located beneath the skin, around internal organs, and in the bone marrow in humans. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Adipose tissue also has the ability to dynamically expand and shrink throughout the life of an adult. Recently, it has been shown that adipose tissue contains a population of adult multipotent mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells that, in cell culture conditions, have extensive proliferative capacity and are able to differentiate into several lineages, including, osteogenic, chondrogenic, endothelial cells, and myogenic lineages. Materials and Methods: This study focused on endothelial cell culture from the adipose tissue. Adipose tissues were harvested from buccal fat pad during bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. The tissues were treated with 0.075% type I collagenase. The samples were neutralized with DMEM/and centrifuged for 10 min at 2,400 rpm. The pellet was treated with 3 volume of RBC lysis buffer and filtered through a 100 ${\mu}m$ nylon cell strainer. The filtered cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 2,400 rpm. The cells were further cultured in the endothelial cell culture medium (EGM-2, Cambrex, Walkersville, Md., USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, human EGF, human VEGF, human insulin-like growth factor-1, human FGF-$\beta$, heparin, ascorbic acid and hydrocortisone at a density of $1{\times}10^5$ cells/well in a 24-well plate. Low positivity of endothelial cell markers, such as CD31 and CD146, was observed during early passage of cells. Results: Increase of CD146 positivity was observed in passage 5 to 7 adipose tissue-derived cells. However, CD44, representative mesenchymal stem cell marker, was also strongly expressed. CD146 sorted adipose tissue-derived cells was cultured using immuno-magnetic beads. Magnetic labeling with 100 ${\mu}l$ microbeads per 108 cells was performed for 30 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$ a using CD146 direct cell isolation kit. Magnetic separation was carried out and a separator under a biological hood. Aliquous of CD146+ sorted cells were evaluated for purity by flow cytometry. Sorted cells were 96.04% positivity for CD146. And then tube formation was examined. These CD146 sorted adipose tissue-derived cells formed tube-like structures on Matrigel. Conclusion: These results suggest that adipose tissue-derived cells are endothelial cells. With the fabrication of the vascularized scaffold construct, novel approaches could be developed to enhance the engineered scaffold by the addition of adipose tissue-derived endothelial cells and periosteal-derived osteoblastic cells to promote bone growth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.643-653
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• 2003

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) / FGF receptor (FGFR) mediated signaling is required for skeletogenesis in cluding intramembranous and endochondral ossifications Runx2 ($Cbfa1/Pebp2{\alpha}A/AML3$) is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Murine calvaria and mandible are concurrently undergoing both intramembranous bone and cartilage formations in the early developmental stage. However the mechanism by which these cartilage formations are regulated remains unclear. To elucidate the effect of FGF signaling on development of cranial sutural cartilage and Meckel's cartilage and to understand the role of Runx2 in these process, we have done both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Alcian blue staining showed that cartilage formation in sagittal suture begins from embryonic stage 16 (E16), Meckel's cartilage formation in mandible from E12. We analyzed by in situ hybridization the characteristics of cartilage cells that type II collagen, not type X collagen, was expressed in sagittal sutural cartilage and Meckel's cartilage. In addition, Runx2 was not expressed in Meckel's cartilage as well as sagittal sutural cartilage, except specific expression pattern only surrounding both cartilages. FGF signaling pathway was further examined in vitro. Beads soaked in FGF2 placed on the sagittal suture and mandible inhibited both sutural and Meckel's cartilage formations. We next examined whether Runx2 gene lies in FGF siganling pathway during regulation of cartilage formation. Beads soaked in FGF2 on sagittal suture induced Runx2 gene expression. These results suggest that FGF signaling inhibits formations of sagittal sutural and Meckel's cartilages, also propose that FGF siganling is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of chondroblasts through regulating the transcription factor Runx2.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.460-465
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• 2010

Introduction: A cleft palate is a common birth defect in humans with an incidence of 1/500 to 1/1,000 births. It appears to be caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors during palatogenesis. Many molecules are involved in palate formation but the biological mechanisms underlying the normal palate formation and cleft palate are unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that transforming growth factor $\beta$/bone morphogenetic proteins (TGF-$\beta$/BMP) family members mediate the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during palate formation. However, their roles in palatal morphogenesis are not completely understood. Materials and Methods: To understand the roles of TGF-$\beta$/BMP signaling in vivo during palatogenesis, mice with a palatal mesenchyme- specific deletion of Smad4, a key intracellular mediator of TGF-$\beta$/BMP signaling, were generated and analyzed using the Osr2Ires-Cre mice. Results: The mutant mice were alive at the time of birth with open eyelids and complete cleft palate but died within 24 hours after birth. In skeletal preparation, the horizontal processes of the palatine bones in mutants were not formed and resulted in a complete cleft palate. At E13.5, the palatal shelves of the mutants were growing as normally as those of theirwild type littermates. However, the palatal shelves of the mutants were not elevated at E14.5 in contrast to the elevated palatal shelves of the wild type mice. At E15.5, the palatal shelves of the mutants were elevated over the tongue but did not come in contact with each other, resulting in a cleft palate. Conclusion: These results suggest that mesenchymal Smad4 mediated signaling is essential for the growth of palatal processes and suggests that TGF-$\beta$/BMP family members are essential regulators during palate development.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

The functional cardiovascular system is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and other mesenchymal cells. Recent studies in the human embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these cell lineages are developed from the common progenitors such as hemangioblasts and cardiovascular progenitor cells. Also, the studies have suggested that these progenitors have a common primordial progenitor, which expresses KDR (human Flk-1, also known as VEGFR2, CD309). We demonstrate here that sustained activation of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) in hESC line, CHA15 hESC results in $KDR^+$ mesoderm specific differentiation. To determine whether the $KDR^+$ population derived from hESCs enhances potential to differentiate along multipotential mesodermal lineages than undifferentiated hESCs, we analyzed the development of the mesodermal cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. In embryoid body (EB) differentiation culture conditions, we identified an increased expression of $KDR^+$ population from BMP4-stimulated hESC-derived EBs. After induction with additional growth factors, the $KDR^+$ population sorted from hESCs-derived EBs displays mesenchymal, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in matrix-coated monolayer culture systems. The populations plated in monolayer cultures expressed increased levels of related markers and exhibit a stable/homologous phenotype in culture terms. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the $KDR^+$ population is stably isolated from CHA15 hESC-derived EBs using BMP4 and growth factors, and sorted $KDR^+$ population can be utilized to generate multipotential mesodermal progenitors in vitro, which can be further differentiated into cardiovascular specific cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.667-672
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• 2015

Cynanchum wilfordii and Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. are known to contain isoflavone, a representative phytoestrogen. This study was performed to determine whether the extract mixture of C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa Turcz. would induce an estrogenic effect in ovariectomized rats. The extracts were administered to the ovariectomized rats at 30, 60, 120 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks, respectively. They showed no estrogenic effect, which was indicated by the decrease in uterus wall thickness as well as the increase in body weight and the level of cholesterol and triglyceride. The extracts also had no effect on the concentrations of estrogen and growth hormone in the serum. However, the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, which leads to protection against the bone loss caused by ovariectomy, was noted on administration of the extract. Therefore, it seemed that the extracts of C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa Turcz. had no estrogenic effect in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1080-1087
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• 2004

A trial with twenty-four newly weaned Awassi lambs (initial body weight=21.5$\pm$0.8 kg) was conducted using a 3$\times$2 factorial design to study the effect of feeding three sources of protein supplements (soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SSM), and cottonseed meal (CSM)), either untreated or formaldehyde-treated on the growth performance and carcass traits of Awassi lambs. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of the six diets (4 lambs/treatment diet) and were individually fed for a period of 107 days. Experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Final live weight and average daily gain (ADG) were affected by both source of protein and formaldehyde treatment (undegradable protein). Lambs fed untreated diets had better (p<0.01) daily gain compared to those fed formaldehyde-treated diets. Similarly total feed intake per animal was significantly (p<0.05) affected by protein source and formaldehyde treatment. Formaldehyde treatment caused a significant decrease (p<0.01) in feed intake compared to lambs fed untreated diets. Feed requirement per unit of gain was not affected by formaldehyde treatment during all periods of the experiment except for the second period (the second 28 day period), whereby untreated SBM, SSM and CSM had better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the treated groups. Source of protein had a moderate effect (p<0.10) on FCR but had a significant effect (p<0.05) on hot and cold carcass weight, digestive tract empty weight and liver weight, with lambs fed SBM having higher values than lambs fed SSM and CSM diets. Supplementation with undegradable protein had a significant effect (p<0.05) on dressing-out percentage (p<0.05), final live weight, and hot and cold carcass weight (p<0.01). The lower values pertain to lambs fed treated diets compared to lambs fed untreated diets. In general, there were no significant differences among all carcass linear dimensions, carcass cut weights and dissected loin tissue weights for both treatments (protein source and formaldehyde treatment). Supplementation with undegradable protein but not the source of protein resulted in significantly higher dissected leg total bone weight (p<0.05), tibia and femur weight (p<0.05), and femur length (p<0.01) at the same carcass weight. Results suggest that the treatment of SBM, SSM and CSM with formaldehyde did not improve efficiency of feed utilization, lamb performance or carcass traits and that the SBM diet resulted in an increase in lamb performance compared to other experimental diets.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4871-4876
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• 2014

Background: We sought to evaluate the role of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) on the promotion of coal tar pitch extract (CTPE)-induced tumorigenesis of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and tumor metastasis in nude mice, and related mechanisms. Materials and Methods: BEAS-2B cells were first treated with 2.4 mg/mL CTPE for 72 hours. After removal of CTPE, the cells were continuously cultured and passaged using trypsin-EDTA. THP-1 cells were used as macrophage-like cells. BEAS-2B cells under different conditions (n=6/group) were injected into the back necks of nude mice, and alterations of tumor xenograft growth, indicative of tumorigenicity, and tumor metastasis were determined. Pathological changes (tumor nests and microvascular lesions) of HE-stained tumor tissues were also evaluated. The expression of AP-1(c-Jun) in xenografts and metastatic tumors was determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Tumor size and weight in nude mice transplanted with the mixture of CTPE-induced passage 30 BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells (2:1) were increased compared to those from the CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells at passage 30 alone at different observation time points. Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes and liver was only detected after transplantation of a mixture the two kinds of cells. The numbers of tumor nests and microvascular lesions, and the expression levels of AP-1 (c-Jun) in tumors from the mixture of two kinds of cells were increased apparently in contrast to those in tumor from the CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells of passage 30 alone. In addition, there was positive correlation between AP-1 (c-Jun) expression level and the number of microvascular lesions, or between AP-1 (c-Jun) expression level and tumor metastasis in these two groups. Conclusions: TAMs not only facilitate tumorigenesis transformation of CTPE-induced BEAS-2B cells, but also promote tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in nude mice in vivo, which may be mediated by AP-1.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

The study was compared for growth and yield of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) crops as affected by various homemade liquid fertilizer (LF), commonly applied in the environmentally friendly farmhouses. LF treatment included UT (untreatment, water), OC (oil cake), BF (bone+fish meal), FA (fish amino meal), SO (sesame oil meal), and SF (starfish). Seasonal pH and EC in SO- and SF-LF rapidly decreased at 30 days after the storage, which were the highest EC of 0.6 - 0.8 dS/m, followed by BF-LF with 0.4 dS/m EC. T-N concentration in LF was the highest on the SF (0.0062%), followed by SO (0.0059%) and BF materials (0.0030%), which were all the great for the K concentration in the LF. P and Ca concentrations were the highest on the FA-LF, with the highest Mg concentration observed on the vegetable SO-LF. Soil EC was the highest on the SF-LF plots of 0.74 dS/m, with no significant differences between the treatments observed on the macro-nutrient concentrations in the soil and leaf. Leaf dry weight, leaf temperature, stem diameter, and plant height were investigated at once per 15 days. UT-LF reduced the leaf dry weight at all the measurement time while the plant height was low at an initial measurement but increased and similar to the other homemade LF treatments at a later measurement. Fruit yield and average fruit weight were the lowest on the UT-LF plots at 75 days after fertigation. Fruit diameter was increased by the BF-LF and SF-LF, with the highest fruit soluble solid contents and fruit coloring observed on the FA-LF. BF-LF maintained high fruit firmness.