• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.295-307
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• 2019

In the process of the conservation treatment of the glass eyes of the stone standing Maitreya of Daejosa temple, Buyeo (Treasure No. 217), a blackish material, expected to be the adhesive for fixing the glass eyes, was collected and analyzed. Infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis/GC/MS) were employed to identify the organic material in the sample. The IR analysis revealed the presence of materials such as apatite or bone black. The pyrogram of the sample was similar to that of Asian lacquer, among traditional adhesives. In particular, the pyrolysis/GC/MS analysis with online methylation detected 1,2-dimethoxy-3-pentadecylbenzene, methyl 7-(2,3- dimethoxyphenyl) heptanoate, and methyl 8-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)octanoate. These are known to be the pyrolysis products of catechol and its oxidation product, which indicated the presence of Asian lacquer in the sample. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and thermal gravimetry analysis showed that the sample contained ca. 60% inorganic substances, including apatite. Radiocarbon dating of the sample suggested that the blackish material was applied between the late 13^th and early 15^th century, revealing some discrepancy with the art-historical manufacturing time of the Maitreya. From the above analysis, it was concluded that Asian lacquer and bone ash were used to attach the glass eyes by forming a thick blackish lacquer layer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.415-425
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on the metabolic changes of Ca and skeletons in postmenopausal women, using ovariecotomized rats as an animal model. The female rats of 200∼250g were fed either 8%(L) or 50%(H) casein diet for 15 weeks(1st experiment). At 15th week, the rats of each diet group were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation and they were continued to feed the same experimantal diet for 9 more months(2nd experiment). Ca metabolism, kidney function and bone composition were determined at the end of 1st experiment, 3rd and 9th month of 2nd experiment. After 1st experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion, however, there was no difference in GFR and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The weights, ash and Ca content of femur, scapular and vertebra tended to be higher in high protein groups which tells that high protein promoted skeletal growth. In 2nd experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion and lower Ca absorption and balance. GFR was not affected by dietary protein and ovariectomy but increased with time, as well as kidney weight which shows the continuous development of kidney at this age of 15 month in rats. There were no difference in urinary hydroxyproline, serum ALP, and PTH among experimental groups. The weights of femur, scapular, 4th vertebra increased with time, showing the skeleton continues to grow at this age in rats. However, Ca contents, Ca/wt, Ca/ash were decreased with time and tended to be lower in high protein group especially in femur. In conclusion, prolonged feeding of high protein diet deteriorated Ca metabolism and induced bone loss as time after menopause is extended.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Objectives : The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of Cervi Cornu on treatment of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Method : In this experiment, the rats were ovariectomized. Rats were administered by Cervi Cornu. The levels of bone mineral density, osteocalcin, ALP, calcium, phosphorus in serum, calcium, phosphorus, deoxypyridinoline in urine, ash weight of bone, body weight and uterus weight were measured. Results : 1. The levels of fibula-tibial bone mineral density were significantly increased in comparison with OVX group at 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 2. The levels of serum osteocalcin showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group at 4 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. The levels of serum ALP and phosphorus showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group group. The levels of serum calcium showed significant increase in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 3. The levels of urine calcium, phosphorus and deoxypyridinoline showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. 4. The levels of fibula-tibial ash weight showed significant increase in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. 5. The levels of body weight were significantly decreased in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 6. The levels of uterus weight were significantly increased in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. Conclusion : Reviewing these experimetal results, it appeared that Cervi Cornu had efficacy on treatment of osteoporosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.32-50
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigated the effects of Saenghyeolbosu-Tang on the morphometric changes of femur, and on the hormones and cytokines associated with bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Methods : Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham operated group(normal), ovariectomized group(control), and treated with extract of Saenghyeolbosu-Tang group(treated). Each group was evaluated the changes of body weight at 0, 3, 6, 8, weeks after ovariectomy. Morphometric analysis(femur weight, femur/body weight, femur ash weight, femur ash/body weight, cross sectional area of compact bone and cancellous bone of femur) and histopathological examination were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Estrogen and cytokines($TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6) assay were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Results : 1. The femur weight(g) of treated group(1.59${\pm}$0.08) was significantly increased(p<0.05)compared with the control group(1.50${\pm}$0.07) at 8 weeks. 2. The femur/body weight(g) of treated group(5.27${\pm}$0.36) was significantly increased(p<0.05) compared with the control group(4.78${\pm}$0.37) at 8 weeks. 3. In the cross sectional area of cancellous bone of femur(${mm^2}$) the treated group(1.60${\pm}$0.20)was significantly increased(p<0.01) compared with the control group(1.19${\pm}$0.19) at 8 weeks. 4. The serum estrogen level(pg/ml) of treated(83.67${\pm}$27.44) and control group(800.49${\pm}$22.27)showed no significantly different changes at 8 weeks. 5. The serum $TNF-{\alpha}$ level(pg/ml) of treated(33.71${\pm}$6.43) and control group(41.35${\pm}$8.47) showed no significantly different changes at 8 weeks. 6. The serum $IL-1{\beta}$ level(pg/ml) of treated group(53.78${\pm}$10.83) was significantly decreased(p<0.001) compared with the control group(79.80${\pm}$11.40) at 8 weeks. 7. The serum IL-6 level(pg/ml) of treated group(55.52${\pm}$9.02) was significantly decreased(p<0.01) compared with the control group(69.69${\pm}$7.95) at 8 weeks. Conclusion : This study shows that Saenghyeolbosu-Tang inhibits bone resolution in ovariectomized rats. These results may be related to the inhibitory effect of Saenghyeolbosu-Tang on the secretion of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the Pathogenesis of　osteoporosis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Objectives: Osteoporosis, which occurs after menopause, is a kind of metabolic bone disorder. It develops when the bone mass begins to decrease radically, and its main symptoms are bone fracture and height-shortening. This thesis aims at what effects the Cuscutae Semen Extract(CSE) has on the prevention of osteoporosis in SD-rat that is caused by ovariectomy. Methods: The 24 female white rats, after removing their ovaries, were divided into the Normals, the Control group, and the CSE administrated group. For the next 8 weeks, distilled water to the normals and the control, and the CSE(45.9 mg/100 g) to the CSE administrated group were given in the mouths of them. After 8 weeks the rats were sacrificed. Weight, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total-cholesterol, triglyceride, phosphorus, calcium, tetraiodothyronine, estradiol, the weight of the femur, the amount of tibia ash, the area of trabecular bone, and the thickness of trabecular bone were measured. Results: The serum analysis shows that the calcium and phosphorous of the CSE administrated group significantly increased compared to that of the control group. Aspartate aminotransferase, alkalinephosphatase, total cholesterol, tetraiodothyronine of CSE group were decreased, but not so significant. Albumin, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride and estradiol of the group showed the tendency to increase, but the significance wasn't admitted. Regarding the variation of bone, the femur weight and the ash content of tibia, CSE group was more increased than the control group but the significance wasn't admitted. The histological observation shows that the trabecular thickness was more increased than the control group, and trabecular area increased significantly compared to those of the control group. The number of osteoclast and osteoblast area of the CSE groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group. Conclusions: From the result of the above study, CSE should be effective for the osteoporosis cure and precaution and deeper study through bedside and clinical demonstration is much needed from now on.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.303-315
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of resistance training on BMD and bone metabolism related markers in aging rats. Thirty male Spraugue-Daweley rats were divided into sedentary (CON; n=10 ) non-load resistance trained(NLRTG; n=10), and load resistance trained(LRTG; n=10) groups at the age of 64 weeks. The rats in the resistance training groups((NLRTG and LRTG) performed the tower climbing exercise 4 times a week. The LRTG groups were conditioned to climb a vertical ladder with weights appended to their tail 4 days/wk for 12 wks. After 12 weeks of exercise, serum osteocalcin, bone mineral density (BMD), breaking force, ash, Ca, and P in the femur were measured. After training, serum osteocalcin (OC) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in both LRTG and NLRTG when compared to Control. Right femur BMD was significantly (p < 0.05) greater for LRTG when compared to both NLRTG and Control with no significant difference between NLRTG and Conrtol. The breaking force of femur was significantly (p < 0.05) greater for LRTG and NLRTG when compared to Control. The Ash, Ca, content of femur were significantly increased in resistance training groups than control group. These results suggest that the increase in bone mineral density induced by resistance training is mediated by changes in bone microarchitecture as well as training intensity and osteocalcin.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2011

The effects of mineral admixtures on the bonding properties of cement mortar to polyolefin based synthetic fiber were evaluated. The mineral admixtures consisted of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin in cement. Bond interactions between the cement mortar and the polyolefin based synthetic fiber were determined by Dog-bone bond tests. Bond tests of the polyolefin based synthetic fiber showed an increase in pullout load with the strength of the cement mortar. Also, the interface toughness of polyolefin based synthetic fiber in cement mortar increased as the fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin contents increased. The microstructure of polyolefin based synthetic fiber surface was examined after the pullout test to analyze the frictional resistant force according to the replacement ratio of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin during the pullout process of polyolefin based synthetic fiber in cement mortar. The scratched of polyolefin based synthetic fibers increased with the replacement ratio of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin. Also, the interface toughness was enhanced by adhesion forces induced by the fly ash, blast furnace slag, and metakaolin.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

Purpose: Osteoporosis that occurred after menopause is one of the most common metabolic disease. and it is that bone mass significant decrease in comparison with normal people. Its symptoms are fracture, decrease of height, etc. The purpose of this study is to examine what are the effects of the Gamisoyosan on the aged ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods: 24 female rats were ovariectomized and divided into normal group(normal), ovariectomized group(control), and treated with Gamisoyosan group(treated). During 8 weeks we dosed D.W to sham and control group, and dosed Gamisoyosan(105 mg/100 g) to experimental group. After 8 weeks we sacrificed rats and measured the body weight, albumin, P, Calcium, ALP, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, T4, estradiol, the femur weight, the tibia ash weight, trabecular bone area, trabecular thickness, osteoclast number. Results: The level of serum albumin, calcium, AST, ALT, estradiol in Gamisoyosan group showed significant increase in comparison with control group. The level of serum triglyceride in Gamisoyosan group showed significant decrease in comparison with control group. Trabecular bone area and osteoclast number in Gamisoyosan group showed significant increase in comparison with control group. Conclusions: Reviewing these experimental results, Gamisoyosan has shown to activate osteogenesis and prevent bone resorption, and it should show efficacy on prevention and improvement of osteoporosis after menopause.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.915-924
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• 1993

To study the effect of menopause and dietary protein level on Ca metabolism, ovariectomy (OVAX) and sham operations were performed in 16-week old female rats. Each treatment group was fed for 16 weeks either 5%(L) or 50%(H) casein diets, forming SH, SL, OH, OL groups. High protein groups(SH, OH) showed higher Ca and hydroxyproline excretion in urine. Urinay hydroxyproline was also higher in OVAX, which tells the possibility of increased bone resorption by OVAX and by high dietary protein. At 16th wee, however, urinary Ca and hydroxyproline of SH caught up with OH group, whereas those of OL remained higher than SL. Therefore it seems that high dietary protein overrides the effect of OVAX with time. Urnary protein measured at 8th week was higher in high protein groups, especially in OH. GFR was not differ significantly among groups at 8th week. At 16th week, however, high protein groups showed twice the GFR value of low protein groups. Therefore the increase of urinary Ca and hydroxyproline in SH and OH groups can be explained partly by the increased GFR. The tendency of increased GFR and urinary excretion of protein, Ca, and hydroxyproline was most obvious in OH group. It seems that the effect of high protein diet is likely to accelerated by ovariectomy. The effect of Ovax and dietary protein on the composition of femur, scapular, and lumbar bones, was not pronounced. However, when only the high protein groups were compared, OVAX resulted in the reduction of bone weight, ash and Ca contents, especially in femur. The reason that was no significant effect on bone might be due to the short experimental period to induce that was no significant effect on bone might be due to the short experimental period to induce the changes on bone composition and dietary Ca content used in this experiment may have been high enough to prevent bone loss.