• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제43권11호통권438호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2005

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.477-497
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• 2013

This paper reports extensive experimental study done to compare workability and bond strength of five different types of polymer-based bonding agents for reinforcing bars in pinning retrofit. In pinning retrofit, steel pins of 6 to 10 mm diameters are inserted into holes drilled diagonally from mortar joints. This technique is superior to other techniques especially in retrofitting historic masonry constructions because it does not change the appearance of constructions. With an ordinary cement paste as bonding agent, it is very difficult to insert reinforcing bars at larger open times due to poor workability and very thin clearance available. Here, open time represents the time interval between the injection of bonding agent and the insertion of reinforcing bars. Use of polymer-cement paste (PCP), as bonding agent, is proposed in this study, with investigation on workability and bond strengths of various PCPs in brick masonry, at open times up to 10 minutes, which is unavoidable in practice. Corresponding nonlinear finite element models are developed to simulate the experimental observations. From the experimental and analytical study, the Styrene-Butadiene Rubber polymer-cement paste (SBR-PCP) with prior pretreatments of drilled holes showed strong bond with minimum strength variation at larger open times.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-73
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• 1981

The effects of the opaque porcelain firing temperature, the bonding agent and the degassing prior to the opaque firing On the bond strength were investigated by means of the tensile shear stIe$. The diffusional behaviours at the interface of the porcelain and the alloy, and .the microstructures of the ceramic and metal composite were studied for understanding the bonding mechanism. The results obtained in this experiment were summarizd as follow; 1. With no application of bonding agent, the tensile shear strength of the specimen firing at $1840^{\circ}F$ was higher than that of the specimen firing at $1760^{\circ}F$. 2. The highest bond strength was obtained by application of bonding agent without degassing prior to the opaque firing. 3. Application of bonding agent after the degassing showed the lowest bond strength. 4. The greater number of pores were observed at the firing temperature of $1840^{\circ}F$ than that of $1760^{\circ}F$ in the porcelain and the interface respectively.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond와 Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2를 사용하여 즉시 상아질 접착을 하였을 때 지연 상아질 접착을 하였을 때와 비교해 전단결합강도 및 파절 양상을 관찰하였다. 발치된 구치를 네 군으로 나누어 1군은 대조군으로 치아 삭제 직후 시편을 상아질 접착제를 광중합 후 합착하였고 2군과 3군은 치아 삭제 직후 각각 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond와 Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2로 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 후 열 순환기에 교대침수 시키고 상아질 접착제를 광중합하지 않고 합착하였다. 4군은 삭제 후 아무 처리를 하지 않고 열 순환 후 상아질 접착제를 광중합하지 않고 합착하였다. 이후 만능 시험기로 모든 시편의 전단결합강도를 측정하였으며, 광학현미경으로 파절 양상을 관찰하였다. 측정 결과 대조군이 가장 높은 결합력을 보였고 지연 상아질 접착을 시행한 군에서 가장 낮은 결합력을 보였다. Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond로 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 군은 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 4군보다 유의하게 높은 결합력을 보였다. Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2를 이용하여 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 군은 4군보다 높은 결합력을 보였으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 파절 양상에서는 대조군과 2군이 4군에 비해 유의하게 혼합형 파절이 많이 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 보아, 도재 수복물의 합착에 있어서 치아 삭제 후 즉시 상아질 접착제를 적용하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다. 하지만 이때 사용되는 상아질 접착제의 선택에 있어서는 실제 임상 조건에서의 더 많은 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2008

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 즉시 상아질 봉쇄 (immediate dentin sealing; IDS)을 시행한 경우와 지연 상아질 봉쇄 (delayed dentin sealing ; DDS)를 시행한 경우를 비교하고, 지연 상아질 봉쇄 시 상아질 접착제를 먼저 중합한 경우와 복합레진과 함께 중합한 경우에 있어서 상아질과 복합레진의 결합강도를 비교하는 것이다. 재료 및 방법: 사람의 건전한 대구치 20개의 치관부를 삭제하여 상아질 표면을 노출시켰다. 상아질 접착 후 바로 복합레진을 축조하는 과정에서 군을 4 가지로 나누었다. 대조군은 주수 하에 model trimmer를 이용하여 치관부 삭제 후 바로 2-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agent (ONE-STEP, Bisco, USA)를 이용하여 상아질 접착을 시행하고 복합레진 (RENEW, Bisco, USA)을 수복하였다. 실험군 A는 치아 삭제 후, Fermit을 이용한 임시수복 상태로 5일간 생리식염수에 보관하였다. 임시수복 제거 후 상아질 접착제를 도포하고 별도의 중합없이 레진을 축조하고 함께 중합하였다. 실험군 B는 치아 삭제 후, 상아질 접착제 도포 및 중합하고 임시수복을 시행하여 5일간 생리식염수에 보관하였다. 임시수복 제거 후 상아질 접착제를 도포하고 별도의 중합없이 레진을 축조하고 함께 중합하였다. 실험군 C는 치아 삭제 후, 임시수복 상태로 5일간 생리식염수에 보관하였다. 임시수복 제거 후, 상아질 접착제를 도포 및 중합하고, 레진을 축조 및 중합하였다. 각 치아를 단면적 1 $mm^2$, 길이 10-12 mm의 막대형 시편으로 절단하여, 미세인장 결합강도를 측정하였다. 측정된 결합강도는 one-way ANOVA를 이용하여 비교 분석하였으며, 사후 검증은 Scheffe test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과: 본 실험의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 치아 삭제 후 별도의 상아질 접착 시행 없이 임시수복하고, 레진 축조 전 상아질 접착을 도포 후 별도의 중합과정 없이 레진과 함께 중합할 경우, 상아질과의 미세인장 결합강도는 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였다 (P < .01). 2. 치아 삭제 및 임시 수복 기간 후, 상아질 접착제를 먼저 중합하고 복합 레진을 수복하는 경우와 치아 삭제 후 상아질 접착을 시행하고 수복물 장착 시 상아질 접착을 재시행하는 경우 간의 상아질에 대한 결합강도의 차이는 없었다 (P > .05).

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.451-469
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of a bleaching agent on tooth surfaces and to evaluate the resin bond strength according to different surface treatments on bleached teeth. To prepare for the experimental samples, first, extracted human third molars were used and the body portions of the crowns were cut into four equal-sized specimens. Next, each specimen was mounted in an plastic bottle with self-cured resin and highly polished to have them reveal the enamel or dentin surfaces. Then, the enamel(E) and dentin(D) specimens were divided into four ; 1) non-bleached, laser-treated(NBLA) group 2) bleached, laser-treated(BLLA) group 3) non-bleached, acid-treated(NBAC) group and 4) bleached, acid-treated(BLAC) group. Here, $opalescence^{(R)}$ (10% carbamide peroxide) was used for bleaching agent. The treated specimens were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and bonded with composite resin for shear bond test. The following results were obtained from this experiment : 1. Compared with the ENB group, the EBL group was shown be dyed about $20{\mu}m$ deeper with rhodamine B. The DBL group appeared to be caved in at the entry part of the dentinal tubules, was dyed about $20{\mu}m$ deeper and $5{\mu}m$ wider in diameter, compared with the DNB group. 2. In comparison with the EBLAC group, the ENBAC group looked evenly bonded with the resin, while the DNBAC group, compared to DBLAC group, was observed to have its resin tags penetrated about $50{\mu}m$ deeper. Other than those, however, no observable differences between ENBLA and EBLLA group or between DNBLA and DBLLA group were found. 3, At the shear bond test, the ENBAC group was shown to have statistically significant higher shear bond strength than the EBLAC group(p<0.05). No statistically significant differences between the ENBLA and the EBLLA groups were observed(p>0.05). 4. At the shear bond test, the DNBAC group was shown to have statistically significant higher shear bond strength than the DBLAC group(p<0.05). No statistically significant differences between the DNBLA and the DBLLA groups were observed(p>0.05). The in vitro observations above suggest that tooth-bleaching procedure brings a certain change on enamel and dentin surfaces and it weakens the shear bond strength with composite resin when the bleached tooth was acid-treated.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, for the reasons of observing the changes when using bonding agent with Ni-Cr alloy and Co-Cr alloy and using VM13 and Vintage MP ceramic which have the disparity in coefficient of thermal expansion, it is carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the bonding agent through the analysis of the interface between metal and ceramic and the analysis of bond strength by variable. Methods: The surface treatment was performed on the two kinds of alloy(Ni-Cr alloy and Co-Cr alloy) specimens, which were sandblasted and were treated with bonder application. The metal-ceramic interfaces were analyzed with EPMA in order to ionic diffusion, and the shear test was performed. Results: As a result of observation of metal-ceramic interfacial properties, it was observed that Cr atoms were spread from the alloy body to the ceramic floor in the specimen of Group B. It was also seen that Cr, W atoms were spread from the alloy body to the ceramic floor in the specimen of Group S. In consequence of observing Shear bond strength, it was calculated that the specimen of BSV was 27.75(${\pm}11.21$)MPa, BSM was 27.02(${\pm}5.23$)MPa, BCV was 30.20(${\pm}5.99$)MPa, BCM was 27.94(${\pm}10.76$)MPa, SSV was 20.83(${\pm}2.58$)MPa, SSM was 23.98(${\pm}3.94$)MPa, SCV was 32.32(${\pm}4.68$)MPa, and SCM was 34.54(${\pm}10.63$)MPa. Conclusion: In the metal-ceramic interface of Bellabond plus sample group, diffusion of Cr atoms was incurred and diffusion of C Cr atoms and W atoms in the sample group of $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ was observed. Using bonding agent showed the higher bond strength than using the sand blasting treatment. In the Bellabond plus alloys, the specimen group with the use of binding materials showed higher shear bond strength, but didn't show statistically significant differences (p>0.05). In the $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ alloys, the specimen group with the use of binding materials showed higher shear bond strength and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). In terms of VM13 ceramic, it was in the Bellabond plus alloys that the high shear bond strength was showed, but there's no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). In terms of Vintage MP ceramic, it was in the $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ alloys that the high shear bond strength was showed and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). Metal-ceramic to fracture of the shear strength measurements and an analysis of all aspects of military usage fracture of the composite, respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.60-73
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of etching time, environmental temperature and humidity on the adhesion of composite resin to glass-ionomer cement. Two chemical cure composite resins (Clearfil F II and Microrest AP) and two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji ionomer Type I and KET AC-CEM) were used as the experimental materials. The experiment is performed in 3 stages: The first stage is to bond composite resins to glass-ionomer cements, and the surface was not etched, and etched for 20 seconds, 40 seconds, and 60 seconds. Then specimens are stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours to measure tensile strength. The second stage is to choose the one group that had the highest tensile strength from the first stage and prepare two experimental groups: One group with composite resin bonded to glass-ionomer cement without etching and bonding agent application and the other with composite resin bonded to glass-ionomer cement with etching but without any bonding agent application. The specimens are stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and tensile strength is measured. The third stage is to choose group that had the highest tensile strength from the first stage experiment, and bond composite resin to glass-ionomer cement at $24^{\circ}C$ 44%, $30^{\circ}C$ 44%, $30^{\circ}C$ 80%, and $32^{\circ}C$ 92%. The storage time of specimens is to bond immediately after storage, then changed to 30 sec., 60 sec., and 120 sec.. Specimens are stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and their tensile strength are measured again. The following results were obtained: 1. As the etching time increases, the tensile bond strength between glass-ionomer cement and composite resin increase, and the tensile bond strength is the highest when acid etched for 60 minutes (P < 0.05). 2. After acid etching for 60 minutes, the tensile strength of the group with bonding agent was stronger than that without bonding agent application (P < 0.05). 3. The tensile strength of Clearfil F II was stronger than that of Microrest AP. 4. It was observed that the tensile bond strength is not affected by different storage time with different temperature and humidity. 5. As the humidity was increased, the tensile bond strength between glass-ionomer cement and composite resin decreased (P < 0.05).

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2007

The success of a porcelain fused to metal (PFM) restoration depends upon the quality of the porcelain-metal bond. The adhesion between metal substructure and dental porcelain is related to the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction layer formed on cast-metal surface during firing. The purposed of this investigation was to study the effects of gold based bonding agent on Ni-Cr alloy-ceramic adhesion between porcelain matrix, gold based bonding agent and metal substructure interface. gold based bonding agent have been applied as an intermediate layer between a metal substructure and a ceramic coating. gold based bonding agent(Aurofilm NP, Metalor, Swiss) was applied on Ni-Cr alloy surface by four method. Surfaces only air abraded with 110${\beta}\neq$ Al2O3 particles were used as control. metal ceramic adhesion was evaluated by a biaxial flexure test(N=5) and volume fraction of adherent porcelain was determined by SEM/EDS analysis. Result of this study suggest that the layering sequence of gold based bonding agent is very important and can improve porcelain adherence to PFM.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.280-289
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• 2008

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Recent data regarding the effects the cement type and abutment heights on the retentive force of a prosthetic crown are inconsistent and unable to suggest clinical guidelines. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study evaluated the effects of different types of temporary cements and abutment heights on the retentive strength of cement-retained implant-supported prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prefabricated implant abutments, 4 mm in diameter, $8^{\circ}$taper per side, and light chamfer margins, were used. The abutment heights of the implants were 4 mm, 5.5 mm and 7 mm. Seven specimens of a single crown similar to a first premolar were fabricated. Six commercially available temporary cements, TempBond, TempBond NE, Cavitec, Procem, Dycal, and IRM, were used in this study. Twenty-four hours after cementation, the retentive strengths were measured using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The cementation procedures were repeated 3 times. The data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS: The tensile bond strength ranged from 1.76 kg to 19.98 kg. The lowest tensile strengths were similar in the TempBond and Cavitec agents. Dycal showed the highest tensile bond strength (P<0.01). More force was required to remove the crowns cemented to the long abutments (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: TempBond and Cavitec agents showed the lowest mean tensile bond strength. The Dycal agent showed more than double the tensile bond strength of the TempBond agent.