• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-578
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• 2022

Society's emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual's negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat people-dislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society's emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.620-633
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• 2019

The popularity of cosmetic procedures has increased over the past decade. Korean consumers have shown different levels of demand for the two types of cosmetic procedures (surgical and nonsurgical). This study examines the effect of appearance pressure from family, friends, and social media on the internalization and face/body satisfaction that can determine the levels of acceptance for each cosmetic procedure among young Korean females. Data was collected from 379 females in their 20s and 30s, using an online survey questionnaire. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS. The results indicated that only social media pressure significantly influenced young women's internalization of attractive appearance. Internalization was negatively associated with face and body satisfaction. Face satisfaction was negatively related to the acceptance of cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures; however, body satisfaction was not related to the acceptance of cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures. This study highlights the significant importance of social media and its powerful impact on developing young women's body image perceptions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.302-318
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• 2018

Objectives: This study examined the differences in dietary life and health related factors, such as drinking behavior, exercise and leisure activities, mental health, and subjective perception for oneself according to obesity in poor urban Peruvian adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,532 Peruvian adolescents were selected from six schools in poor regions using stratified random sampling. The subjects were classified into two groups based on their BMI: 'normal weight group (NW group=980)' or 'overweight and obese group (OWOB group=293)'. The differences in the general characteristics, dietary life, drinking behavior, physical activity and leisure, mental health and subjective perception of oneself in the two groups were compared. ${\chi}^2$ analysis and independent sample t-test were performed using the SPSS program ver. 24. Results: For the total and male students, the frequency of breakfast and dinner were significantly lower in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p<0.001). For total and female students, the percentage of subjects who received nutrition education was significantly higher in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p<0.05). For total students, the percentage of subject who exercised more than five days/week was lower in the OWOB group than in the NW group (p<0.05). For the total and female students, the subjective health status was worse in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p<0.05). The subjective body image was significantly different between the OWOB group and NW group in the total, male and female subjects (all p<0.001). Conclusions: The frequency of meals and exercise, and the subjective perceptions of the health status and body image differed according to obesity in poor urban Peruvian adolescents. Therefore, a school-based intervention program focused on regular meal and exercise, and adequate subjective perceptions for health status and body image need to be developed to prevent adolescent obesity.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.4
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• pp.119-136
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• 2001

A mission of the police as described by law is to guard the life, body and property of all citizens. Such duties should be accurately performed based on legal and democratic procedures because the works of the police are directively influencing the overall lives of the citizens by restricting their freedom. The national police agency is setting up the figure of the police trusted and beloved by citizens. The strategies of police reform is to recognize the proposition of 'change the mind and you will see the bright future' and the historical mission of 'It is possible to survive only through the reform'. We are frequently watching the traffic police on the street or road. Traffic policing aims to reduce crime and the opportunities for criminal activity in relation to the use of roads, that is to improve road user behavior in order to reduce accidents. This study examines perceptions of drivers on the traffic police. For this purpose, this study surveys the opinion and view of drivers in Andong city based on the survey research and interview methods. The major findings of this study is as follows. Many drivers in Andong city evaluate negatively the kindness toward civilians, fair(rational) law enforcement of traffic police. So, this study suggests the improvement of the traffic police image.(for example, kindness toward civilians, service attitude, fair and rational law enforcement, etc)

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1106-1114
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors influencing the weight control behavior of female college students. Method: The subjects included female college students in the U City area, and data were collected through a self reported structured questionnaire from July 01 to 28 of 2017. Totally 220 subjects were analyzed. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings showed dissatisfaction of female college students' perceptions of their bodies based on BMI, body satisfaction and obesity stress, which had special impacts on their weight control behaviors. Weight control behaviors was closely influenced by obesity stress (${\beta}=.848$, p<.001) accounted for 48.7% of the weight control behaviors (F=71.97, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that it is necessary to develop and implement information programs and design appropriate prevention programs that can induce healthy weight control behaviors. Such programs should include health education, as well as intervention programs to identify such predictors and help college students judge and perceive positive body image so that they control their weight in a proper manner.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the sensibility images when the direction and width of stripes change on semi-tight skirts. The researcher made 12 stimuli consisting of images of skirts with a combination of six stripe directions and two stripe widths. The images were assessed by 126 subjects who were students majoring in apparel. Three sensibility image factors were found: personality, attractiveness, and activity. Images of skirts with different stripe directions were perceived as having significant differences among these factors. Stripe widths of 1.5cm and 3cm in upward diagonal, vertical side line, and downward diagonal directions influenced the personality factor. Diagonal stripes with a width of 1.5cm positively influenced attractiveness and activity. Stripes in a vertical direction increased attractiveness when the stripe width was 1.5cm rather than 3cm. Although the interaction of stripe direction and width significantly influenced perceptions of attractiveness and activity in images of semi-tight skirts, they did not significantly influence personality. In accordance with the analysis, stripe direction was significantly different for all factors. This analysis indicated that each factor has its own independent influence. Stripe width had major independent effects, showing significance in attractiveness and activity. However, personality did not indicate any significant difference. The results of this study will help women select suitable clothing according to their individual preferences and body shapes by influencing how images are depicted because women will be able to use the images to estimate their body images when the skirts are put on.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2021

Objectives: This study sought to assess the prevalence and duration of weight-control or health functional food use, associated weight-control behavior, perception, and knowledge among university students. Methods: The subjects were 442 university students in Cheonju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Both χ2 and t-tests were conducted for categorical and mean comparisons. Results: An estimated 62.7% (female 69.0%, male 54.8%) had ever attempted weight-control. Among these, an estimated 59.2% of females and 38.9% of males had used weight-control or health functional foods with significant gender difference. The weight-control foods commonly used included chicken breast, protein powder, low-fat milk and soymilk, and meal replacement drinks, while garcinia cambogia extract and green tea extract were frequently used as health functional foods. One of 10 (10.3%) consumers of weight-control foods reported ≥ 7 months use, with less frequent long-term consumption of health functional foods (4.2%). The average degree of satisfaction was 3.24 ± 0.92 for weight-control foods and 2.72 ± 0.97 for health functional foods on a 5-point scale, meaning 'slightly satisfied' and 'slightly dissatisfied', respectively. Females or students with an experience of weight-control reported poorer perceptions of their health and body image as well as a higher need for weight control. Besides, both male and female subjects felt a high need for correct information regarding weight-control methods. Conclusions: Our results provide a better understanding of the characteristics associated with the use of weight-control or health functional foods among university students and will be useful in developing a nutrition education program by incorporating correct body image, knowledge, and practical yet desirable practices for weight control.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.446-462
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• 2020

The objectives of this study are to explore the information source, assessment, and preferred styles of 3D virtual influencers(VI), to investigate the expected impact of advertisements with 3D VIs on brands, and to explore ways of expanding the use of 3D VIs. In-depth interviews with 40 males and females in their 20s and 30s were conducted and qualitative data were analyzed. The study results are summarized as follows. First, the information source of the 3D VI was SNS, acquaintances, and broadcasting. Second, 3D VIs were considered positively due to their attractive appearance, wide utilization, innovative use, freshness, separation from private identity, and time and cost savings, while considered negatively due to their unrealistic appearance and antipathy against replacing a person's role. Third, the preferred appearance styles of the 3D VI differed according to the level of virtuality although the majority of interviewees preferred similar looks to real people with low virtuality. Fourth, diverse image qualities such as innovative, differentiated, trendy, high-value, professional, and future-oriented were considered as transferred to the brand advertised by 3D VIs. Fifth, advertisements with 3D VIs may help build positive perceptions of advertised brands that may lead to purchase behaviors for some consumers. Lastly, to expand the use of 3D VIs, the specific advantages of virtual models should be maximized with consideration of how to implement a variety of body types and images of models. Findings present an important foundation to generate strategies to better apply 3D VIs to the fashion market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.112-124
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of perceived ageism on appearance related quality of life through appearance satisfaction among older Korean women. Testing the proposed model showed associations among variables and the mediating effects of appearance satisfaction in the relationship between perceived ageism and appearance related psychological and social quality of life. Structural equation modeling analyses upheld the proposed model for 221 women aged 60 and over. The results revealed that older women's perception of ageism negatively influenced appearance satisfaction that subsequently affected perceived levels of both psychological and social quality of life in a negative direction. The direct effects of perceived ageism on both psychological and social quality of life were not found; however, the indirect effects of perceived ageism on these two variables through appearance satisfaction were found significant and negative. This indicated a fully mediating effect of appearance satisfaction in the relationships. The results of this study highlight that perceptions of ageism and its association with body image should be considered to understand the overall quality of life among older women.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.63-78
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• 2018

This study analyzed gender-fluid images as expressions of feminism and gender identity expressed in fashion collections. As for the research method, this study searched the fashion collections, with the theme of feminism, utilizing key words related to feminism on an online portal, and collected the photo materials of fashion collections provided by vogue.com. This study classified the photo materials of 31 fashion collections, with the theme of feminism, into femininity, masculinity, androgyny, and avant-garde, according to the fashion design elements that divide gender identity. As a result of the classification, 326 photos were collected, in which gender identity was expressed ambiguously. This study reclassified the collected photos according to their fashion items and styles. As a result of the study, it was noticed that the fashion collections with the theme of feminism expressed the messages, using lettering graphic images, and performance. In addition, they showed a form in which men's collections and women's collections were integrated according to the change of the perceptions of gender identity, of feminism, and delivered body positive expressions, respecting differences and diversity as individual subjects, by casting diverse models in terms of age, body size, race, and culture. As for the gender identity expressed in the fashion collections, the gender-fluid images were classified into empowerment images, that expresses social rights and dignity; agender images that expresses the possibility of a gender-flexible transition; rational images that expresses the rational and practical characteristics that removed the boundary of fashion; and images of pro-sexism that expresses a new gender identity.