• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.451-459
• /
• 1995

This study was intended to figure out the effects of the amount and the distribution of body fat on the risk fators of adult disease. Sixty-four male college students paticipatied in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist/hip ratio(WHR) into three groups-upper body type(UBTM), intermediate body type (IBTM) and lower body type(LBTM). Various risk factors such as adiposity, body fat ammount, serum lipid amount and blood pressure and their intercorrelations were analyzed. The three bodys type groups showed significant differences each other in weight(P<0.001), WHR showed considerable correlations with BMI and the percentage of body fat. The frequency of obesity assessed by BMI$\geq$25 and body fat percentage were the highest in the UBTM of the three groups. Thus, we could conclude that the closer the body fat distribution is to the upper body type, the higher the BMI and body fat percentage. Waist/girth ratio(WTR, P<0.01) and BMI(P<0.05) were positively correlated with serum triglyceride levels, and % of body fat was positively correlated with both serum triglyceride (P<0.01) and serum total cholesterol(P<0.05) levels. WHR (P<0.05), BMI(P<0.01) and % of body fat(P<0.01) also showed positive correlations with systolic blood pressure. From the above results, we could conclude that body fat distribution was a good index reflecting adiposity and body fat amount and that blood and serum amount of triglyceride was highest in the upper body type group showing the highest frequency of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.9
• /
• pp.924-932
• /
• 2003

In middle-aged men, abdominal obesity has been an important risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as a predictor of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Particularly, risks from abdominal obesity increase when adipose tissue accumulates in visceral compartment. Many studies showed that weight reduction by caloric restriction improves abdominal obesity and reduces lots of cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone treatment also results in a significant decrease in visceral fat area and normalizes endocrine metabolism. However there is no study that compare the effect of caloric restriction with that of testosterone treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and that of testosterone treatment on body fat distribution, serum lipids and glucose metabolism in male patients with CAD. Forty five middle-aged overweight-obese men with CAD participated in 12 weeks' program. They were matched with age, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and divided into three groups : control group (n = 15) , caloric restriction group (-300 kcal/day, n = 15) and testosterone treatment group (testosterone undecanoate tablets, n = 15) . After 12 weeks, control group did not have any changes in anthropometries, lipid profile, body fat distribution, glucose metabolism and hormonal status. Expectedly, caloric restriction group showed decreases in body weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, ％ body fat. Ten percentage of total cholesterol and 23% of triglyceride in serum were also decreased. In body fat distribution, total fat areas at both L1 and L4 levels were significantly reduced in this group without reduction in muscle of thigh and calf. However, testosterone treatment group did not have any significant changes in body weight, ％ body fat, serum lipid profile and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, weight reduction by caloric restriction is more beneficial in body fat distribution and serum lipid level than testosterone treatment in overweight male patients with CAD. This result suggests that modest weight reduction is possible to help decrease risk factors of CAD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.257-269
• /
• 1990

We designed this study to compare the total body fat content and its distribution of diabetics with those of normal subjects. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites(subscapular, subcostal, abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, forearm, thigh and calf) and body circumferences at five sites(waist, hip, arm, thigh and calf) were measured on 220 diabetics(82 male, 138 female) and on 160 nondiabetic subjects(male 57, female 103). We matched 92 pairs with diabetics and nondiabetic control subjects by sex, age, body weight and height, and made comparisons between two groups(case-control study). The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in total body fat content of diabetics and control (male ; 20.40$\pm$2.12%, 19.20$\pm$3.52%, female ; 26.46$\pm$2.53%, 27.01$\pm$2.92%, respectively). However, body muscle mass(%) in diabetic men(33.37$\pm$4.19%) was significantly lower than in nondiabetic men(38.16$\pm$7.11%). 2) Diabetics, especially women, were characterized by more central body fat than control. That is, indices of centrality of body fat distribution(subscapular/triceps skinfold : STR, central/peripheral fat : CPR) of diabetics were higher than those of control. 3) Body weight, body mass index and %IBW(current body weight$\times$100/ideal body weight) had negative correlations with duration of diabetes(r=-0.23~-0.33), but total body fat content(%) and indices of body fat distribution, such as STR, CPR, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), and waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR), were not related to duration of diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.25 no.7
• /
• pp.617-627
• /
• 1992

This study was attempted to observe the possibility of body fat distribution and fasting serum insulin as potential predictive factors for obesity and energy intake. Subjects participated in this study were seventeen pairs of upper body type women and lower body type women whose age weight BMI daily energy expenditure per body weight were equally matched, Waist to hip girth ratio(WHR) was measured as a criteria of body fat distribution. Comparison of eating behavior between upper body type and lower body type women did not show any significant differences in meal size meal duration and energy intake per minute While serum free fatty acid level was lower in upper body type women percentage of body fat and fasting serum insulin triglycerde level of upper body type women were statistically higher than those of lower body type women(p<0.05) Our data may indicate the possibility that sympathetic nervous system activity was suppressed in upper body type women which needs ti be examined in future studies. In addition since the upper body type women were dieting over the period of survey with the intention of weigh loss we can conclude that upper body type women had larger variabilities than lower body type women in terms of daily energy intake level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 1998

This study was intended to figure out the difference of the blood lipids, insulin and nutrients intake by fat distribution among the obese young male in Korean. Twenty-eight male college students participated in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist /hip ratio (WHR) into three groups-upper body type (UBTM), intermediate body type(IBTM) and lower body type (LBTM). To conduct this study, anthropometric measurements , blood pressure, serum lipids and insulin levels, and daily nutrients intake were analized . The results are as follows : The three body type groups showed significant differences each other in waist circumference(p<0.05), WTR(p<0.001) and body fat percentage (p<0.05). Also they showed significant difference each other in the daily construction in the daily energy intake. But they did not show significant differences in the blood pressure, serum lipids and insulin levels. From the above results, we could concluded that the body fat distribution in obese the young men could affect nutrients intake pattern.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.221-232
• /
• 1992

This study was intended to figure out the interrelationship among body fat distribution serum insulin and lipids levels. One hundred forty four adult female from Chinju area were participated in this study. The survey was conducted between December 17, 1990-February 27, 1991, . The results are as follows : Wiast/hip girth ratio(WHR) and waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR) were increased with age and positively correlated with body mass index(BMI). It appeared that the prevalence of obesity in terms of BMI was higher in upper body type than intermediate or lower body type women. Correlation analyese indicated that serum triglyceride level seemed to be more closely associated with BMI and other body fat distribution indices. Analyses of the anthropometric data serum lipids and insulin were carried out by dividing the sample into three body type groups-upper body type women(WHR$\geq$0, .87) intermediate body type women(0.82$\leq$WHR$\leq$0.86) and low body type women(WHR$\leq$0.81) Age weight BMI RBW percentage of body fat serum insulin triglyceride cholesterol level of upper body type women were significnatly higher than that of intermediate or lower body type women(p<0.05) HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in upper body type women. These results suggested that body fat distribution would be relevant to chronic metabolic diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in body fat distribution between normal and obese subjects and the relationship between risk factors(fasting blood sugar, blood pressure. fasting serum lipids) and obesity. Measurements of height. weight, skinfold thickness. body circumference. percent body fat. blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and serum lipids were made and a dietary survey was performed on 120(Males 61. Females 59) adult subjects. 1) Among the female subjects, the obese group appeared to have significantly higher centrality of body fat than the normal group. Obese groups of both sexes appeared with higher blood pressure than normal groups. No differences in daily average nutrient intake, fasting blood sugar and fasting serum lipids concentrations were observed between obese and normal groups. 2) In males. the serum triglyceride concentration was observed to have a significantly positive correlation to body weight, body mass index and body circumference, additionally concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were observed to have significantly positive correlations to the skinfold thickness. but the ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol was observed to be significantly negatively correlated to the skinfold thickness. 3) In females. the obese group consumed about 47% of total energy intake at lunch. whereas the normal group consumed about 29% . The food habit score of males appeared to be negatively related to body weight, percent ideal body weight. But the food habit score of females appeared to be negatively related to percent body fat(r=-0.32, p<0.05) .

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2004

Background: Obesity is associated with menstrual disorder. Especially, upper-body obesity affects on female reproductive function. Objectives: The goals were to investigate relation between fat distribution and menstrual disorder in obese pre-menopausal Korean females. The hypothesis were tested that there is a relation between upper body obesity and menstrual disorder. Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 66 Females (baseline age $32.15{\pm}7,32)$ with body mass index $31.22{\pm}4.05\;kg/m^2$. Body composition was measured using bioimpedence analysis (BIA) and anthropometry was done by same observer. VAS and Multidimensional verval rating scale(MVRS) were checked for menstrual pain. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was measured for evaluating body fat distribution. Menstrual disorder and body fat distribution were compared using statistical methods. Results: TLFR and WH ratio was higher in menstrual cyclic disorder group than controls. There was negative relationship between VAS and TLFR. Conclusions: The data shows that disorder of menstrual cycle was associated with upper body obesity. WH ratio could be one of the factor of menstrual disorder. VAS was correlated with lower body obesity. Further studies for role of upper body fat distribution on female reproductive function and relationship between menstrual pain and fat distribution thought to be needed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to identify the determinants of regional body fat distribution of obesity(upper body obesity and lower body obesity) for adolescents. The macronutrient consumption pattern utilized the most important variables to test for potential determinants. A total of 726 adolescents living in rural areas in Korea had been observed for four years from 1992 to 1996 about their diet, sexual maturation, serum components and physical growth. The study design was similar to that of a case control study. Logistic regression analysis were used as an analytical method to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the risk factors. Fat consumption pattern was the most frequent one among the three macronutrient consumption pattern of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Prevalence of obesity for the subjects was 9.5%. Prevalence of upper body obesity was higher in malestudents than in female students. On the other had, prevalence of lower body obesity was higher in females. The results of the logicstic regression analysis showed that the risk factor for upper body obesity was sexual maturity rather than dietary factors. None of the factors included in the analysis for lower body obesity appear to be the risk factor. The result may suggest that to develop a determinant model for obesity of adolescents, the model should include a wider range of variables other than diet, sexual maturity and changes in blood serum.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.24 no.1 s.33
• /
• pp.57-69
• /
• 1991

This study examined the cross-sectional association of central body fat distribution with hypertension as well as the superiority of medial calf skinfold measured as peripheral fat distribution over the conventional triceps skinfold using 450 Korean Navy divers selected by authors' convenience in 1990. Their mean age was 27.9 and range of it was 19-51. The centrally located body fat was approximated by subscapular skinfold and peripherally located fat by triceps and medial calf skinfolds. Four indices were constructed from these skinfold measures to reflect central versus peripheral fat distribution pattern : 2 ratios and 2 differences. After controlling age and overall obesity (body mass index), prevalance odds ratios of the 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 quartiles of subscapular skinfold comparing with lowest 1/4 quartile were 2.05(95% confidence interval, CI 1.18-3.59), 2.02(95% CI 1.06-3.86), 4.00 (95% CI 1.99-8.06) respectively. The difference of subscapular and medial calf skinfolds was associated with hypertension (odds ratio 2.45, 95% CI 1.28-4.68 comparing highest with lowest quartiles). Triceps and medial calf skinfolds alone did not show any odds ratio not including unity. The adjusted odds ratios were generally reduced in small magnitude compared with crude odds ratios not adjusted for age and overall obesity. The medial calf skinfold appeared to be more representative of peripheral body fat distribution than triceps skinfold. These findings suggest that central fat distribution rather than peripheral distribution is associated with hypertension independent of age and overall level of obesity and medial calf skinfold may replace conventional triceps skinfold in predicting peripheral distribution of body fat.