• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.537-542
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• 2011

Biological or physiological genes that regulate metabolism and energy partitioning have the potential to influence economically important traits such as carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) functions as a central appetite stimulator and plays a major role in feed intake and energy-balance control. Therefore, the NPY gene is an excellent biological and physiological candidate gene for body weight, feeding, fatness or growth related traits in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NPY gene and to evaluate the association of NPY SNP markers with carcass and meat quality traits in Korean cattle. The genomic region (711 bp) including intron 2 of NPY gene was amplified and sequenced, and five SNPs, g.4389 Del(C), g.4371Del(C), g.4271T>C, g.1899A>G and g.1517A>C, were identified. The PCR-RFLP method was then developed to genotype the individuals examined. The g.4271T>C SNP was significantly associated with M. Longissimus dori area (LDA) value (p<0.027). Animals with the TT ($78.144{\pm}0.950\;cm^2$) genotype had higher LDA than those with the CC ($72.266{\pm}2.039\;cm^2$), and animals with TC genotype showed intermediate value. This SNP genotype also showed a highly significant additive genetic effect for the LDA (p<0.01). No significant associations, however, was detected between any of the SNP genotype and other carcass traits measured in this study. In conclusion, SNP genotype of the NPY gene may be used as DNA markers to select animals that have a higher meat yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1075-1079
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• 1999

Adult German cross $(German{\times}British{\times}Russian)$ angora rabbits (one year age), 32 in number were divided randomly into four groups $(T_1-T_4)$ with equal sex ratio and fed diets containing $T_1$ groundnut cake (GNC); $T_3$, soyaflakes (SF); $T_4$, sunflower cake (SFC) and $T_2$, a mixture of all the three cakes along with green forage as roughage for a period of 9 months. Nine per cent protein was added from each protein source. Fibre level was maintained by adjusting the level of rice phak in the diets. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and contained similar level of fibre. DMI through roughage was not affected due to source of protein in the diet, however, DMI through concentrate was higher $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with SFC diet, which resulted in higher total feed intake in the group $(T_4)$. Body weights increased up to second shearing, thereafter it decreased due to summer depression. Diet containing soyaflakes sustained higher wool yield whereas, it was lowest $(p{\leq}0.05)$ on SFC diet. Wool attributes (staple length, medullation, fibre diameter) were not affected due to source of protein in the diet. Digestibility of fibre and its fractions (ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose) decreased $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with incorporation of SFC in the diets. Balance of calcium was lowest whereas, that of nitrogen was highest with SFC diet $(T_4)$. Biological value of N and net protein utilization was better when different protein sources were mixed together $(T_2)$. Protein quality of soyaflakes proved better for wool production followed by groundnut cake and mixture of three protein sources. Sunflower cake alone or in combination decreased wool production which may be checked by supplementation of amino acids and energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2015

Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of $145{\pm}3.6kg$) with a $5{\times}5$ latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2011

본 논문은 생체 센서 시스템(bio-physical sensor system)을 이용하여 홈 네트워크 시스템을 구성하고, 생체 신호가 전달되도록 생체 신호 원격용 네트워크를 구현하였다. 측정 시스템의 구성조건은 시각(Vision), 체성감각(Somatosensory), 전정기관(Vestibular), 중추신경계통(CNS)의 변위점에서 평가하고, 맥박(Heart Rate), 체온(Temperature), 체중(Weight)을 기본 측정항목에 사용하였다. 주파수 변동에 따른 0.01 단위로 측정하여 평균값을 가지고 기준치에 비교하여 설정환경을 구성하고 측정값을 결정하였다. 생체 신호는 신체의 균형조절기능인 신경생리학적 감각처리 및 운동 출력기전으로 시각, 체성감각, 전정기관, 중추신경계통, 체질량지수(BMI)의 신체적 감각 기관의 수용체들 간의 운동에 대한 균형과 자세를 통한 기준으로 정상적인 균형 조절 상태와 균형의 크기 형태로 구분하고, 건강의 상태를 확인하도록 의미를 부여하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 제안한 홈 네트워크를 통해 헬스 센터 및 건강관리 중앙 시스템에 단말기를 통하여 전송됨으로 전문가을 통한 건강 관리시스템이 진행되는 결과를 얻을 수 있고, 다양한 신체적 파라메타를 통한 원격네트워크 모니터링 기능의 관리시스템이 형성 될 것으로 추론 할 수 있다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.1135-1140
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• 2016

웨어러블 WBAN을 설계하는데 있어서 중요한 문제는 한정된 전지의 동력을 가지는 노드들의 저-전력 제약사항을 갖는 네트워크에서 QoS 요구사항의 균형을 보장하는 것이다. 인체에 이식된 저-전력 장치들은 그들의 한정된 전지수명으로 인해 최소한의 요구사항으로 제한되고 쉽게 착용할 수 있도록 적고 슬림해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.15.6과 호환이 가능하고 휴지사이클 동안 에너지를 최대한 충전하며 WBAN의 QoS를 보장하고 네트워크 노드와 허브 들 간에 성공적인 패킷들의 수신을 제공하는 채널할당최적기법을 제안하고자 한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해서 제안된 방법은 패킷 전달과정에서 QoS를 극대화 하며 전송률과 에너지 효율 측면에서 향상됨을 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 1991

An experiment with completely randomized design was performed to investigate the effects of lysine and supplemented sodium on growth performance, nutrients utilization, acid-base balance and lysine arginine antagonism in broiler chicks. The experiment was carried out with 3 levels of dietary lysine (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8%) and 3 levels of sodium(0.4, 0.8 and 1.2%) for an experimental period of 7 weeks. Body weight gain of 1.2% lysine group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of low or high lysine group. The highest feed consumption was obtained at 1.2% lysine and 0.4% sodium supplemented level (ML-1.2) and the lowest at LL-1.2. The best feed efficiency was obtained at ML-0.8 level and the worst at LL-1.2 level. Mortalities of high (1.8%) and low (0.6%) lysine groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than medium lysine (1.2%) group. Among the sodium levels, the mortality at 1.2% sodium supplemented level was significantly (p<0.01) different by the levels of dietary lysine. Lysine-arginine antagonism was observed in high lysine diet. Among the lysine levels, the lowest none weight and length were shown in low lysine group. Interactions between lysine and sodium were significantly (p<0.05) shown in femur weight. The levels of sodium and lysine affected significantly (p<0.01) the utilization of nitrogen, ether extract, total carbohydrate and energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2013

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (3%) rice straw (UTRS), and factor B was type of physical form of rice straw: long form rice straw (LFR) and chopped (4 cm) rice straw (CHR). The steers were offered the concentrate at 0.5% body weight (BW) /d and rice straw was fed ad libitum. DM intake and nutrient digestibility were increased (p<0.05) by urea treatment. Ruminal pH were decreased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group, while ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased (p<0.01) by urea treatment. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased (p<0.01) when steers were fed UTRS. Furthermore, VFA concentrations were not altered by treatments (p>0.05), except propionic acid (C3) was increased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group. Nitrogen (N) balance was affected by urea treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) synthesis were greater by UTRS and CHR group (p<0.05). The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater for UTRS than for RS (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that using the long form combined with urea treatment of rice straw improved feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial N synthesis in crossbred dairy steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1431-1441
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight (BW) of $98.3{\pm}12.8kg$ were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300, and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance. Results: The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p<0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was $399kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.655-658
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• 2004

Heat stress is known to affect physiological systems in goats. This study investigated changes in nutrient digestibility, behavior and growth hormone secretion among goats in a hot environment (H; 35${\pm}$ 1.2$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$7.2%, 13 d), and in a thermoneutral environment (T; 20${\pm}$0.6$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$3.4%, 20 d), and accompanied by the same restricted diet as provided in the hot environment. The following results were obtained: rectal temperature and water intake were higher in the H treatment than in the T treatment or TR treatment, while hay consumption was lower. CP, NDF and ADF digestibility was highest in H treatment. Time spent eating in the H treatment was also the highest, followed in order by T treatment and TR treatment. Ruminating time was lower in H treatment than in T treatment or TR treatment, and reposing time was highest in the TR treatment. Growth hormone concentrations in T increased 4.5 h after feeding. In H, growth hormone concentrations increased 0.5 h after feeding. However, growth hormone concentrations were not changed following TR feeding. In conclusion, heat exposure in goats decreased feed intake, but increased digestibility. However, when goats in a thermoneutral environment received the same restricted feeding as they received in the hot environment, digestibility increased. Between the H treatment and TR treatment, the changes in digestibility were accomplished by coordinate changes in hormone secretion in order to maintain body homeostasis. To maintain energy balance under a hot temperature or a restricted feeding condition, goats may control their metabolism by changing growth hormone release.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1228-1232
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• 2001

Forty five Soviet Chinchilla rabbits weaned at 35 d of age were fed 5 experimental diets prepared by using oat plant meal ($T_2,\;T_4$) and tall fescue hay ($T_3,\;T_5$) at 25% and 50% level along with control ($T_1$). The gain in body weight at 84 d of age decreased with test material substitution, however, the differences were non significant when compared with oat plant meal and were significant (p<0.05) with tall fescue hay at both the levels. Feed conversion ratio also deteriorated with test material and its increasing proportion and the differences were significant (p<0.05). The performance-index calculated were 42.1, 36.7, 29.4, 33.3 and 18.8 in $T_1,\;T_2,\;T_3,\;T_4$ and $T_5$, respectively. Digestibility of all the organic nutrients decreased significantly (p<0.05) with test material incorporation, as a result nutritive value of the test diets decreased linearly. Nitrogen balance as per cent of intake was higher in oat plant meal substituted diet compared to tall fescue substituted diet. Cost per kg live weight gain was lowest with 50% oat plant meal followed by 25% oat plant meal incorporation. It was highest with tall fescue hay substitution. Nutritive value of oat plant meal as calculated was DCP 5.1%, TDN 35.8% and that of tall fescue hay was DCP 6.5%, TDN 30.8%. Thus, oat plant meal can be substituted safely up to 25% in the feeding regime of weaner rabbits whereas, for tall fescue hay the safe limit is below 25% level and needs to be ascertained.