• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chlorella on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cd-administered rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (14 week-old) were blocked into 6 groups. Cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 325 mg (Cd: 0, 160 ppm), and chlorella powder at levels of 0, 3 and 5%. Cadmium was accumulated in blood and tissues (liver, kidney and small intestine) in the Cd-exposed groups, while the accumulation of Cd was decreased in the Cd-exposed chlorella groups. Fecal and urinary Cd excretions were remarkably increased in Cd-exposed chlorella groups. Thus, cadmium retention ratio and absorption rate were decreased in the Cd exposed chlorella groups. Urinary and serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance were not changed in experimental animals. In addition, metallothionein (MT) synthesis in tissues was increased by Cd administration. The Cd-exposed chlorella groups indicated lower MT concentration compared to the Cd-exposed groups. Moreover, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was not changed by dietary chI orella and Cd administration. According to the results above, this study could suggest that Cd toxicity can be alleviated by increasing Cd excretion through feces. Therefore, when exposed to Cd, chlorella is an appropriate source which counteracts heavy metal poisoning, to decrease the damage of tissues by decreasing cadmium absorption.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.64-72
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• 1994

Tolerance to toxic effects of cadmium (Cd), including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium and zinc. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity. Three groups of rats (A, B, C), each consisting of 108 rats, were studied and each group was divided into three subgroups (1, 2, 3), 12 rats for each subgroup. Rats were subcutaneously pretreated with saline (A), CdCl$_2$ (0.5 mg/kg, B), and ZnCl$_2$ (13.0 mg/kg, C) during time periods of 5 days. At the end of the period, rats were challenged with CdCIa (3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. As for the cadmium levels in rat tissues after pretreatments, it was highest in the liver. Then kidney, heart, blood and muscle followed it in that order. After 24, 48 and 96 hours of intraperitoneal injection by challenge doses the concentration of cadmium in liver and kidney increased proportionally to the increase of challenge dosage. However metallothioneins in liver and kidney were increased by the pretreatment of cadmium and zinc. These data indicate the liver is a major target organ of acute Cd poisoning, and suggest that cadmium induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play and important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to short-term exposure to cadmium. This result suggests that increasing cadmium concentrations, gradually accumulating in liver and kidney as the result of the pretteatmerit, served to induced the synthesis of metallothionein, thus making them resistant to the challenge from cadmium.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1995

Tolerance to toxic effects of cadmium(Cd), including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium and zinc. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity. Three groups of rats(A, B, C), each consisting of 52 rats, were studied and each group was divided into three subgroups(1,2,3), 28 rats for each subgroup. Rats were subcutaneously pretreated with saline(A), $CdCl_2$(0.5 mg/kg, B), and $ZnCl_2$(13.0 mg/kg, C) during time periods of 5 days. At the end of the period, rats were challenged with $CdCl_2$(3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. As for the cadmium levels in rat tissues after 1,3,5,6 days of pretreatments, it was highest in the liver. Then kidney, heart, blood and muscle followed it in that order. After 24, 48 and 96 hours of intraperitoneal injection by challenge doses the concentration of cadmium in liver and kidney increased proportionally to the increase of challenge dosage. However metallothioneins in liver and kidney were increased by the pretreatment of cadmium and zinc. These data indicate the liver is a major target-organ of acute Cd poisoning, and suggest that cadmium induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to short-term exposure to cadmium. This result suggest that increasing cadmium concentrations, gradually accumulating in liver and kidney as the result of the pretreatment, served to induce the synthesis of metallothionein, thus making them resistant to the challenge from cadmium.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1355-1363
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on liver microsomal cytochrome P450 contents and xanthine oxidase activity in acute cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal and three cadmium injected groups. Cadmium injected groups were fed vitamin E free diet(0E Cd group), 40mg vitamin E per kg diet(40E Cd group) or 400mg vitamin E per kg diet(400E Cd group). Vitamin E level of normal group was 40mg per kg diet. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 2.0mg Cd2+/kg bw for 4 days after the rats were fed diets with three different levels of vitamin E for 2 and 4 weeks. Body weight, food intake and feed efficiency ratio of cadmium injected animals, were decreased compared with those of normal group. The weights of liver and kidney in cadmium injected groups were not different from those of normal group. Cadmium contents of liver in cadmium groups were 160 fold higher those that of normal group. Accumulation of cadmium poisoned rat liver was reduced by vitamin E supplementation. Contents of blood hemoglobin and hematocrit in 0E Cd groups were decreased to 2~ 14% of those of the other groups. Contents of serum triglyceride in all experimental groups were not significantly different each other. Levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and antherogenic index in 0E Cd and 40E Cd groups were higher than those of normal group, while the contents of HDL cholesterol in 0E Cd and 40E Cd groups were lower than those of normal group. Xanthine oxidase(XOD) activity and cytochrome P450 contents in the liver were significantly increased in cadmium injected groups but these were reduced by vitamin E supplementations. The present results indicate that acute cadmium poisoning in rats causes increasing free radical generation systems in the liver and that leads to liver tissue damage. But these abnormalities can be reduced by dietary vitamin E supplementations.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.99-113
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein and calcium levels on cadmium detoxication in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 208 $\pm$ 19 g were blocked into 10 groups of 7 animals according to body weight. Five groups were fed 15% protein-0.6% calcium diet with 100ppm cadmium in drinking water for first 15days and the other 5groups fed same diet without cadmium in drinking water for same period and served as controls. After this 15-day intoxication period, each one of cadmium intoxication and control groups were fed each of 4 kinds of detoxifying diets different with protein(40%, 15%) and calcium(1.3%, 0.6%) levels without cadmimum in drinking water for following 15 days of detoxifying period. Results were summarized as follows: 1) Food intake, body weight gain, F.E.R. and weights of liver, kidney and femur were increased by detoxifying diets and high protein diet was most effective in weight gains of liver and kidney. 2) When cadmium and metallothionein contents of initial intoxication group and those of all detoxication groups were compared, cadmium and metallothionein contents in the liver were not changed, but those in kidney increased, and those in intestine decreased markedly. 3) Only dietary protein level affected cadmium and metallothionein distribution among organs, and cadmium contents of whole blood, liver, kidney and femur were lower in high protein diet, but metallothionein contents in liver and kidney were higher in high protein diet. 4) Gel filtration chromatogram showed that most of cadmium in the cytosol was bound to metallothionein fractions in high protein-high calcium group. Results obtained indicated that high protein diet was effective in cadmium detoxication by increasing the induction of metallothionein synthesis. But high calcium diet did not play a role in cadmium detoxication.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권8호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

Iron deficiency affects approximately one-third of the world's population, occurring most frequently in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Mechanisms of iron absorption are similar to those of other divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium, and a diet deficient in iron can lead to excess absorption of manganese, lead, and cadmium. Iron deficiency may lead to cognitive impairments resulting from the deficiency itself or from increased metal concentrations caused by the deficiency. Iron deficiency combined with increased manganese or lead concentrations may further affect neurodevelopment. We recently showed that blood manganese and lead concentrations are elevated among iron-deficient infants. Increased blood manganese and lead levels are likely associated with prolonged breast-feeding, which is also a risk factor for iron deficiency. Thus, babies who are breast-fed for prolonged periods should be given plain, iron-fortified cereals or other good sources of dietary iron.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2003

The possibility that liver and kidney function is adversely affected by current levels of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) as investigated in adult men and women in the general population in Seoul. From February to August in 2001, blood and morning spot urine samples were collected from 136 not occupationally exposed group (age range 20∼75 years) at 4 survey sites throughout seoul. Liver and kidney function parameters in serum and urine were examined by conventional methods. The questionnaire included factors, i.e. sex, age, smoking, alcohol, diet habit etc. The geometric mean values for Cd in blood (Cd-B) were 1.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1, It seemed prudent to conclude that liver and kidney function as not disturbed by the current environmental exposure to Cd in study.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2019

본 연구는 사회경제적 상태의 지표인 교육수준 및 소득수준과 수은, 납, 카드뮴의 혈중 중금속 농도간의 관련성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 국민건강영양조사 2013-2015년 자료를 이용하여 성별에 따른 사회경제적상태와 혈중 중금속 농도간의 관련성을 분석하기 위해 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 한국성인의 교육과 소득수준이 높을수록 혈중 수은의 농도는 증가하는 경향이 나타났고, 혈중 납과 카드뮴의 농도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다 (P for trend <0.001). 혈중 중금속 농도의 유병률이 증가하고 있는 시점에서 사회경제적수준에 따른 건강불평등을 해결하기 위한 국가차원의 공중보건학적 정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.578-589
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• 1996

This study was performed to invstigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmium intoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weigth, and were raised for 30days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm)and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I.S.P.(isolated soy protein)] were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concerntration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P. groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I.S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concdentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not influenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2006

The rate of metallothionein synthesis on cadmium-poisoned rats reflects the level of toxicity, and also it reduces the toxicity which is caused by the uptake of cadmium. Chlorella supplementation in the diets of the cadmium-poisoned rats decreased the concentration of cadmium in blood and urine compared with the control group. Although the liver and kidneys of rats are major target organs of cadmium and coherence of metallothionein and cadmium, no previous study has determined the correlation between the rate of metallothionein synthesis in the liver and kidneys of rats and dietary supplementation of chlorella with cadmium uptake. This study analyzed total metallothionein level on the tissue of the liver and kidneys, the concentration of cadmium bound to the metallothionein, and the total concentration of cadmium on the tissue of the liver and kidneys after dietary supplementation with 1%, 5%, and 10% dried chlorella and 40 ppm of cadmium to 46 male SD rats (mean weight: $150\pm20\;g$) for 4 weeks. According to the data analysis of the total rate of metallothionein synthesis in the liver and kidneys, the group of SD rats on the supplementation with 1% chlorella and 40 ppm of cadmium showed a rate of $93.2\pm8.9\;ng/g$, a significant decrease of 58.8% compared to that of the control group of SD rats on the supplementation with cadmium only, which showed a rate of $227.3\pm32.5 ng/g$ (P=0.0001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed through the changing of chlorella concentrations between 5% and 10% chlorella supplementation with cadmium. The group supplemented with 1% or greater chlorella levels represented a greater decrease in the total cadmium concentration of the kidney and liver tissues, the amount of total metallothionein synthesis, the amount of metallothionein with binding to cadmium, and the concentration of free cadmium without binding to metallothionein. Consequently, the supplementation of 1% and 5% chlorella was effective in reducing the synthesis of metallothionein for cadmium uptake, but increased the rate of binding of cadmium to metallothionein.