• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1990

백서의 장기 내 카드뮴의 축적분포를 중성자 조사에 의한 방사분석법으로 조사하였다. $CdCl_2$를 1주일에 10mg/kg씩 급식되도록 매일 물병으로 투여하였으며 1주, 2주, 3주, 1개월, 2개월 및 3개월 기간동안 장기 복용케한 후 주요장기 및 체모를 시료로 하여 방사화 분석을 수행하여 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) $^{115m}Cd$을 방사추적자로 사용하여 24시간 경과 후 체내 카드뮴의 분포를 조사한 결과 혈액에 0.03% 신장에 2.99% 간장에 3.50%를 나타내었다. 2) Cd은 혈액을 통해 신속히 순환되어 신장을 통하여 배설되나 간장과 체모에도 축적되는 결과를 나타냈다. 3) $CdCl_2$를 급식케 한 실험군의 주요 장기별 Cd함량을 측정 비교한 결과를 이용하여 간장 내 Cd의 축적을 체모 내 Cd함량으로부터 진단하는 지표로 사용이 가능케 되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.361-383
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• 1987

This thesis was designed to find out whether the cadmium content of hair in living animals reflects the status of cadmium accumulation in internal organs or muscles so that this status can be used as a diagnostic method. Forty-five rats were divided into 4 experimental groups and one control group. The control group received a basal diet which contained zinc $100{\mu}g/g$, iron $80{\mu}g/g$ and copper $135{\mu}g/g$. The experimental group received experimental diets sllpplemented with 1, 10, 100 or $1,000{\mu}g/g$ cadmium as cadmium sulfate. Rats were dissected on the 28th or 56th day of experimental periods and tissues, blood and hair samples were taken, dried and burned to ash and analysed. The cadmium, iron zinc and copper concentrations were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In addition feed efficiency and hematological changes were observed. The results obtained can be summerized as follows: A marked decrease in feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency were observed from 1 or 2 weeks of experimental periods, which was in accordance with the dosage and periods. The cadmium contents of kidney, liver, spleen and muscle were significantly increased in all experimental rats; the accumulation was marked in kidney and liver tissues. It was shown that the cadmium contents of hair reflects the cadmium accumulation in internal organs and muscle; the higher the cadmium levels of diet and of rat tissues, the higher the cadmium content of hair. In the $100{\mu}g/g$ group of rats erythrocyte counts and. hemoglobin concentrations were decreased. A significant(p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in iron contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in 10, 100, $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats on the 28th day of experiment. A significant (p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in zinc contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in all experimental rats. On the other hand, serum zinc concentration was decreased. A significant(p<0.01) increase in copper contents in the liver was observed on the 28th day in $100{\mu}g/g$ and $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats. From these results it may be concluded that the analysis of hair for cadmium is a useful diagnostic approach for the cadmium status of internal organs and muscle in living animals.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 1985

전기자극에 의한 적출 정관의 수축 또는 뇌척수제거 흰쥐의 심박동수 증가가 카드뮴 장기투여 (매격일 $10{\mu}$ mols, 1회씩 2주간 복강내 주사)로 인하여 대조군에 비하여 현저히 항진되었다. 이러한 전기자극에 의한 반응은 ${\alpha}_2$-효현제인 clonidine에 의하여 억제 되었고, 이 억제는 ${\alpha}_2$-길항제인 yohimbine 투여로 봉쇄되었다. 나아가 methoxamine에 의한 확장 혈압의 증가는 카드뮴 투여에 의하여 영향을 받지 아니하였으나 clonidine에 의한 증가는 카드뮴 투여에 의하여 억제되었다. 이러한 결과로 보아 카드뮴 장기 노출에 의하여 시납스 전 및 후 ${\alpha}2-adrenoceptors$가 우선적으로 억제되었다고 시사되는 바이다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2019

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical association between cadmium exposure and hearing impairment among the Korean population. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study used the data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for our study. Finally, 3,228 participants were included in our study, which were then divided into quartiles based on their blood cadmium levels: first quartile (1Q), second quartile (2Q), third quartile (3Q), and fourth quartile (4Q) groups. The hearing thresholds were measured using an automatic audiometer at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. Hearing loss (HL) was defined as >25 dB average hearing threshold (AHT). Results: All the groups had 807 participants each. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of cadmium level for HL were 0.634 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.621-0.646). The participants in the 4Q group had higher Low/Mid-Freq, High-Freq, and AHT values than those in the other groups in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The logistic regression showed that the OR for HL per $1{\mu}g/L$ increase in cadmium was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09-1.44; p=0.002) on the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the participants in the 4Q group exhibited a 1.59-, 1.38-, and 1.41-fold higher odds for HL than those in the 1Q, 2Q, and 3Q groups, respectively. Conclusion: High cadmium level quartile was associated with increased hearing thresholds and HL among the Korean adult population.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Objective : Citri Unshius Pericarpium (Citrus unshiu peel) has been used in Korean medicine to treat indigestion, vomiting, coughing and phlegm. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Citrus unshiu peel (CEE) in cadmium (CdCl2)-treated mouse model. Methods : CEE was dissolved in water and administered orally to mice once a day for 7 consecutive days. The mice were then exposed to a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cadmium (4 mg/kg body weight) to induce acute hepatotoxicity. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver tissue samples were collected, analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and histopathological evaluation. Liver damage was assessed as the percentage of degenerative areas of the hepatic parenchyma, the number of degenerative hepatocytes, and the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells. Results : In cadmium-treated rats, pretreatment with CEE significantly reduced the serum ALT and AST levels associated with liver damage. Histopathologically, CEE prevented degenerative changes on the hepatic tissues including confluent necrosis, congestions and infiltration of inflammatory cells. CEE also reduced the elevation of oxidative stress markers (nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal) and apoptosis markers (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) positive cells. PARP protein expression in liver tissue was also restored by CEE. Conclusion : This study showed that CEE exerted antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects against cadmium-induced liver injury. Thus, it can be concluded that CEE can be used to prevent liver damage caused by cadmium.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.301-312
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• 1996

This study was performed to search a optimal analyzing method of cadmium in whole-blood. Cadmium was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS). We investigated the effect of ashing temperature on the absorbance of cadmium in a simple dilution(ten-fold) method with triton X-100 and matrix modifier methods treated with $NH_4H_2PO_4$(1 and 3%) and $Pd(NO_3)_2$(0.00l and 0.005%) as matrix modifier. We also compared the reported reference values of standard blood with values resulted from optimal analyzing conditions of this study. In case of a simple dilution method, when ashing temperature was set at $450^{\circ}C$, the absorbance of sample and background were $0.334{\pm}0.012$ and $1.382{\pm}0.245$, respectively. Background level was higher than the value(0.8) that can be corrected by $D_2$ background correction method. As ashing temperature was rised to $500^{\circ}C$, the absorbance of sample and background were $0.178{\pm}0.008$ and $0.711{\pm}0.223$ respectively. The higher ashing temperature($450^{\circ}C-650^{\circ}C$) was, the lower the absorbance of sample was. In case of a matrix modifier method with $NH_4H_2PO_4$(1 and 3%), when ashing temperature was rised from $500^{\circ}C$ to $650^{\circ}C$, the absorbance of sample slightly changed. The absorbances of sample at $600^{\circ}C$ were $0.230{\pm}0.017$ and $0.137{\pm}0.012$, respectively. These values were larger than that of simple dilution method. But the absorbance of background was higher than the level that can be corrected by $D_2$ method. In case of a matrix modifier method with $Pd(NO_3)_2$(0.001 and 0.005%), the absorbance of sample and background were higher than those of other methods and were stable and reproducible. When ashing temperature was over $550^{\circ}C$, the absorbance of sample was significantly decreased. In case of 0.005% $Pd(NO_3)_2$ carbon residue remained in graphite tube affected the absorbance of sample and background. From these results, We propose that in case of a simple dilution(ten-fold) method with triton X-100 ashing temperature must be maintained below $400^{\circ}C$. In order to diminish the absorbance of background, the alternative method is attenuation of injection volume or multiplication of dilution ratio. We recommend $Pd(NO_3)_2$ than $NH_4H_2PO_4$ as a matrix modifier. In case of a matrix modifier method with $Pd(NO_3)_2$ ashing temperature might be maintained below $550^{\circ}C$.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2007

The publications on dietary intake, respiratory intake and blood concentration of cadmium and lead in some Korean women are reviewed. Reported values of dietary Cd intake as geometric mean were $17.1{\mu}g/day$ in 1986, $21.2{\mu}g/day$ in 1994, $16.7{\mu}g/day$ in 2000, and blood concentration were $1.45{\mu}g$ in 1986, $1.27{\mu}g/l$ in 1994 and $2.74{\mu}g/l$ in 2000, respectively. In case of Pb, the dietary intake were $33.1{\mu}g/day$ in 1986, $20.5{\mu}g/day$ in 1994, and $18.4{\mu}g/day$ in 2000 and the blood concentration were $51.5{\mu}g/l$ in 1986, $44.3{\mu}g/l$ in 1994, $37.3{\mu}g/l$ in 2000, respectively. Dietary intake is an almost exclusive route of Cd exposure, however respiratory intake in case of Pb is thought to affective exposure route in Korean women. When compared with the values reported in the literature, both of dietary Cd and Pb intake levels appear to be similar to or somewhat higher than the levels in east and south-east Asia.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.196-201
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• 1996

혈액 중 미량 카드뮴 분석에 전기로 장치가 부착된 원자 흡수 분광광도계(GFAAS)를 사용하였다. 시료를 1% Triton X-100으로 10배 희석시킨 다음 회화 온도 500$^{\circ}C$에서 Fork platform흑연 튜브를 사용하여 분석하였으며, 결과 처리는 피크 면적법과 피크높이법으로 비교하였다. 양쪽 모두 우수한 값을 얻을 수 있었으며 SH 바탕보정법과 $D_2$ 바탕보정법에 의하여 얻은 검출한계는 각각 0.02ng/mL와 0.01ng/mL이고 상대 표준편차는 1.0ng/mL 종도에서 5%이내였다. 분석의 정확성을 평가하기 위하여 노르웨이 Nycomed Pharma사의 Seronorm (Trace Elements Whole Blood)을 분석, 비교 검토 하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2002

To experiment the effects between cadmium inhalation toxicity and extracts of Folium Mori, rat inhalation exposure groups were exposed to cadmium aerosol in air by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cadmium concentration in the air of cadmium aerosol was 1.02㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter(MMD) was 1.40μm. Intraperitoneal injection of extracts of Folium Mori to inhalation exposure groups was done for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were 126.39g/4 weeks and 19.18g/day from inhalation exposure group III, respectively. The highest lung and liver weight were 1.27g and 8.19g from inhalation exposure group II, respectively. The highest kidney weight was 1.805g from inhalation exposure control. The lowest cadmium content in lung was 86.39μg/g from inhalation exposure group III. The lowest cadmium concentration in blood was 7.12㎍/㎗ from inhalation exposure group III. Cadmium concentrations of 40.02㎍/g in liver and 69.18㎍/g in kidney were the lowest from inhalation exposure group I and III, respectively. For weekly cadmium concentration in urine, the value of the fourth week from inhalation exposure group III was the highest, 3.12㎍/㎖. For weekly cadmium concentration in feces, the value of the fourth week from inhalation exposure group III was the highest, 2.67 ㎍/g. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 74.65㎍/g from inhalation exposure group III and the highest metallothionein concentration in liver was 386.84㎍/g from inhalation exposure group II. The highest metallothionein concentration in kidney was 236.17 ㎍/g from inhalation exposure group II.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.700-710
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• 2003

For the experiment of the effects between cadmium aerosol inhalation toxicity and ethyl acetate extracts of Folium Mori, 4 inhalation exposure groups of rat were exposed to cadmium aerosol in air by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cadmium concentration in the air was 0.96㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter (MMD) was 2.48㎛ with 1.85 of geometric standard deviation(GSD). Intraperitoneal injections of ethyl acetate extracts of Folium Mori to inhalation exposure groups were performed for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were 159.29/4 weeks in treated group III and 18.45g/day in treated group I, respectively. The highest lung and liver weights were 1.31 g in treated group I and 9.42g in treated group III, respectively. The highest kidney weight was 2.21g from treated group I. The lowest cadmium content in lung was 86.39㎍/g from treated group III and the lowest cadmium concentration in blood was 2.72㎍/㎗ from treated group II. Cadmium concentrations of 22.09㎍/g in liver and 24.82㎍/g in kidney were the lowest from inhalation exposure group I and III, respectively. For weekly cadmium concentration in urine, the value of the fourth week from treated group III was the highest, 1.35㎍/㎖. For weekly cadmium concentration in feces, the values of the second and fourth week from treated group I were the highest, 1.11㎍/g. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 31.85㎍/g from treated group III and the highest metallothionein concentration in liver was 205.77㎍/g from treated group III. The highest metallothionein concentration in kidney was 206.55㎍/g from treated group III. The highest Hct and Hb values were 38.26% and 11.63g/㎗ from treated group III, respectively. The highest RBC and WBC values were 7.68×106/㎣ and 9.85×10³/㎣ from treated group I, respectively.