• 제목/요약/키워드: blood anion gap

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Relationship between the values of blood parameters and physical status in Korean native calves with diarrhea

  • Lee, Sung-Hwan;Choi, Eun Wha;Kim, Doo
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.17.1-17.11
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    • 2020
  • Dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and acid-base imbalance are the most significant consequences of diarrhea in calves. We aimed to determine blood gas, hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical values and investigate the relationship between the physical status and blood parameters in Korean native calves (KNCs) with diarrhea. One hundred eighty KNCs with diarrhea (age < 75 days) were investigated. Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein and analyzed using a portable clinical blood gas analyzer. The measured parameters were statistically compared according to the status of physical activity, dehydration, or prognosis. The mean values of parameters in the Calves with diarrhea showed metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia. The mean values of potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were in the upper limit of their reference ranges. More than 75% of the calves had metabolic acidosis caused by bicarbonate loss, and 63.6% had high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values. Moreover, BUN showed the highest correlation with the physical activity status and dehydration. pH, base excess of the extracellular fluid (BE), anion gap, potassium, hematocrit, bicarbonate, and hemoglobin were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration (p < 0.001). BUN, pH, BE, and anion gap were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration. These correlations between clinical symptoms and blood gas parameters can be clinically relevant in predicting the status of parameters according to clinical symptoms.

Ethylene glycol 중독견의 임상병리학적 소견 (Clinico-pathological findings of experimental ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs)

  • 성은주;이현범
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.883-897
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    • 1997
  • Present study was undertaken in order to find out the most significant laboratory test for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs. Seven dogs weighing from 5.0kg to 19.3kg were administered orally 6ml or l0ml of ethylene glycol per kilogram of body weight. In addition to clinical observations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein on 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours or until death after the adminisration and examined for the hematological, blood chemical, venous blood gas and electrolyte changes. Urine samples were simultaneously taken and examined for pH, protein, glucose and calcium oxalate crystals in the sediments. The results were as follows : 1. All dogs showed marked hypothermia in addition to the characteristic signs of ethylene glycol poisoning until death. 2. No significant hematological changes were observable after the administration of ethylene glycol except the secondary dehydration and stress leukogram. 3. Chemical values related to the liver function(serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum total bilirubin) showed no significant changes during the experimental period in all dogs. 4. Chemical values related to the renal function(BUN and creatinine) showed significant(p<0.0l, p<0.001) increase from 24 hours to death in all dogs. 5. All dogs showed significant(p<0.01, p<0.001) decrease in blood pH from 3 hours to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 6. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) increaes in anion gap from 1 hour to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 7. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01) decrease in urine pH from 1 hour to 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol. 8. Characteristic envelope form of calcium oxalate crystals were found in the urinary sediment from 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol in all dogs. 9. Histologically calcium oxalate crystals were found in the renal rubles in all dogs. 10. From these results, it may be concluded that the examinations of urinary sediments for the calcium oxalate crystals, blood or urinary pH and blood anion gap are most reliable tests for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs.

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세퍼드에서 ethylene glycol 독성에 관한 연구 (Ethylene glycol intoxication in German shepherd dogs)

  • 박현종;이오형;임채웅
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.23-30
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    • 2005
  • Ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication in dogs can pose a diagnostic challenge. We investigated the effect of a lethal dose of EG to the Shepherd on blood, urine test, and histopathologic observation. Shepherds were treated orally with EG at $10\;m{\ell}/kg$ body weight. Clinically, EG caused the vomition, depression of central brain. Anion gap was increased, which was decreased pH of blood, The blood osmorality was increased at 3 hours, and BUN and creatinine was increased at 24 hour significantly. The pH of urine decreased. The crystal of calcium oxalate appeared at 6 hours. The amount of crystals increased at 12 and 24 hours. Microscopically, the degeneration of proximal tubules were shown at 1 hour and finally progressed as acute tubular nephrosis at 24 hours. These results suggest that the blood and urine test accompanied with histopathological examination be helpful to investigate the EG intoxication.

급성 위장염 환아에서 bicarbonate gap의 임상적 의의 (Clinical Significance of Bicarbonate Gap in Pediatric Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis)

  • 박규희;정성관;임형은;유기환;홍영숙;이주원
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.235-241
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    • 2009
  • 목적 : 소아기의 급성 위장염은 소화장관액의 수분, 전해질 및 산-염기물질의 체외 상실로 인하여 산-염기 대사의 장애를 초래한다. 중탄산염차이(bicarbonate gap, 이하 BG)는 델타음이온차이(delta anion gap, 이하 ${\Delta}AG$)와 델타중탄산염차이(delta bicarbonate, 이하 ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$) 의 차이로 정의되며 혼합 산-염기 대사의 장애의 정도를 평가하는데 유용한 지표가 된다. 본 연구에서는 BG에 따른 임상 양상을 비교하였다. 방법 : 2007년 9월 1일부터 2008년 4월 31일까지 구로 고려대학교 의료원에 급성 위장염으로 입원한 135명을 대상으로 후향적으로 의무기록은 검토하였다. 대상 환아들을 BG이 -5 미만이거나 5 초과인 A군과 -5 이상이고 5 이하인 B군으로 나누어 입원기간, 열, 구토, 설사 등의 임상양상과 나트륨, 칼륨, 염소, 알부민, 단백질, 혈액요서질소(blood urea nitrogen, 이하 BUN), 크레아티닌, 혈청 내 이산화탄소, 음이온차이, ${\Delta}AG$${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$ 등의 검사 결과를 비교하였다. 결과 : BG이 -5미만인 A군은 66명, BG이 -5이상인 군인 B 군은 69명이었다. 입원기간은 A군에서 $5.3{\pm}2.1$일, B 군에서 $4.7{\pm}1.6$일로 A군에서 유의하게 길었으며 입원 전 설사 기간은 A군에서 $3.13{\pm}1.7$일, B군에서 $2.3{\pm}1.7$일로 A군에서 더 길었으며 총 설시사간은 A군에서 $4.2{\pm}2.8$일, B군에서 $3.3{\pm}2.5$일로 A군에서 유의하게 길었다(P<0.05). 혈청 내 나트륨, 이산화탄소, 단백질, AG, ${\Delta}AG$은 A군이 B군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였으며 혈청 내 염소, ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$는 A군이 B군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 발열, 구토 기간과 칼륨, 혈액요소질소, 크레아티닌, 알부민 AG과 $HCO_3$ radio의 검사 결과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 급성 위장염을 보이는 환아들 중에서 BG이 -5 미만인 A군에서는 입원기간과 입원 전 설사 시간, 총 설사기간이 더 길어 임상경과가 좋지 않음을 보여주고 있으며 검사 결과 또한 혈청 내 나트륨, 총 이산화탄소, 단백질 AG, ${\Delta}AG$, 혈청 내 염소, ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$는 BG 범위에 따라 유의한 차이를 보이고 있어 소아기 급성 위장염에서 BG은 임상 경과의 예측 및 치료의 적절성을 평가하는데 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

건강한 한우 송아지의 동맥과 정맥 혈액의 혈액가스, 전해질, 생화학 및 혈액학적 측정치 (Arterial and Venous Blood Gas, Electrolytes, Biochemical and Hematological Values in Healthy Korean Native Calves)

  • 이성환;옥승훈;권혁호;김두
    • 한국임상수의학회지
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    • 제32권6호
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    • pp.499-503
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구의 목적은 건강한 한우 송아지의 동맥과 정맥혈액의 혈액가스, 전해질, 생화학 및 혈액학적 측정치를 조사하는 것이다. 건강한 3주령 이내의 62두 송아지를 본 연구에 공시하였으며 동맥혈액은 귀(이)동맥에서, 정맥혈액은 경정맥에서 채취하였다. 채혈한 혈액은 현장에서 즉시 휴대용 혈액가스분석기(EPOC$^{(R)}$ blood analysis, Woodly Equipment Company Ltd, Lancashire, UK)를 이용하여 pH, $pO_2$, $pCO_2$, $cHCO_3{^-}$, BE, $cSO_2$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, anion gap potassium (AgapK), Hct, cHgb, glucose, lactate 및 creatinine을 측정하였다. 한우 송아지의 동맥과 정맥의 혈액가스, 전해질, 생화학 및 혈액학적 측정치는 기존에 발표된 정상 송아지의 측정치와 유사한 범위 내에 있었으며 glucose와 lactate의 평균 농도는 성우의 농도보다 높았다. 3주령 이내 송아지의 각 주령별 측정치 사이에는 통계적인 유의차가 나타나지 않았다(P > 0.05). 포도당 농도는 동맥과 정맥 혈액 사이에 가장 높은 상관관계를 보여주었으며(r = 0.927), creatinine (r = 0.925), lactate (r = 0.815), $Ca^{2+}$ (r = 0.806), Hct (r = 0.799), $Na^+$ (r = 0.790), cHgb (r = 0.786), base excess (r = 0.749), pH (r = 0.710), $HCO_3{^-}$ (r = 0.710), 및 $cTCO_2$ (0.663)도 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 휴대용 혈액가스분석기로 목장현장에서 혈액을 검사하는 것은 빠른 측정 결과를 얻을 수 있으며 소임상에서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

외상환자의 초기 사망 예측 지표로서의 내원 초기의 염기 결핍, 젖산 및 강이온 차이의 유용성 비교 (The Comparison of Base Deficit, Lactate, and Strong Ion Gap as Early Predictor of Mortality in Trauma Patients)

  • 박경혜;이강현;김선휴;오성범;문중범;김현;황성오;김헌주
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.127-134
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    • 2005
  • Purpose: Currently, there is a variety of systems available for predicting prognosis of trauma patients such as trauma score, Injury severity score (ISS) and acid-base variables. But it is not clear that the initial acid-base variables are predictors of prognosis in trauma patients at the emergency department. The objective of this study is to compare the base deficit, lactate and strong ion gap as an early predictor of mortality in trauma patients. Methods: Retrospective record review of 136 trauma patients needed to admit to intensive care unit via emergency department (June 2004 to February 2005). Data included age, injury mechanism, ISS, Revised trauma score (RTS), Multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS), Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation III (APACHE III), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), laboratory profiles, calculated anion gap and strong ion gap. Patients were divided into survivors and non-survivors, shock group and non-shock group with comparison by t-test;significance was assumed for p<0.05. Correlation between acid-base variables and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was evaluated. Results: There was a significant difference between the RTS (p=0.00), APACHE III (p=0.00), MODS (p=0.00), GCS (p=0.00) of survivors and non-survivors. There was no significant difference between the ISS (p=0.082), lactate (p=0.541), base excess (p=0.468) and SIG (p=0.894) of survivors and non-survivors. There was a significant difference between the RTS (p=0.023), APACHE III (p=0.002), lactate (p=0.000), base excess (p=0.000) and SIG (p=0.000) of shock and non-shock group. There was no significant difference between the ISS (p=0.270), MODS (p=0.442) and GCS (p=0.432) of shock and non-shock group. The base excess was most correlated to MABP (r2=0.150). Conclusion: Initial base deficit, serum lactate and SIG are not predictors of mortality in moderate to severe trauma patients. Initial base deficit, serum lactate and SIG are correlated with the mean arterial blood pressure in trauma patients in emergency department.

Effects of Dietary Electrolyte Balance on Growth Performance, Nitrogen Metabolism and Some Blood Biochemical Parameters of Growing Rabbits

  • Li, J.W.;Wang, X.P.;Wang, C.Y.;Zhu, Y.L.;Li, F.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권12호
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    • pp.1726-1731
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    • 2013
  • The effects of different dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance, nitrogen (N) metabolism and some blood biochemical parameters were investigated in 2 to 3 months old growing rabbits. A total of 150 growing rabbits of 2 months age were randomly divided into five groups according to average body weight, with 30 rabbits in each group. The DEB levels of the five experimental diets were -154, -3.16, +201, +347, and +500 meq/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. There was a 7-d adaptation period and a 23-d experimental period. The results showed that the DEB levels had a quadratic affect on the average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.001). The greatest ADFI was achieved when the DEB level was +201 meq/kg DM. Fecal N (FN) content linearly decreased (0.047), while digestible N (DN), retained N (RN), efficiency of intake N converted into digestible N (DN/IN) and the efficiency of intake N converted into retained N (RN/IN) linearly increased with the DEB increase (0.020, 0.004, 0.021, and 0.049, respectively). Serum phosphorus (P) ion content linearly increased with the DEB increase (p = 0.036). The DEB had a quadratic relationship with serum anion gap (AG) (p = 0.002) and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) content (p = 0.016). The DEB levels quadratically affected base excess (BE) in the plasma (p<0.001). In conclusion, the DEB unaffected growth performance but affected feed intake, N metabolism and some blood biochemical parameters of growing rabbits.

Comparison of blood electrolyte and biochemical parameters between single infections of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic Hanwoo calves

  • Seungmin, Ha;Seogjin, Kang;Kwang-Man, Park;Ji-Yeong, Ku;Kyoung-Seong, Choi;Jinho, Park
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.85.1-85.11
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    • 2022
  • Background: Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf's life. Objectives: This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum. Methods: A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92-7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. Results: Compared to C. parvum-infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin (p < 0.05). The C. parvum-infected calves (r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO3- than the rotavirus-infected calves (r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum-infected calves. Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum. Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Chloride and lactate as prognostic indicators of calf diarrhea from eighty-nine cases

  • Gencay Ekinci;Emre Tufekci;Youssouf Cisse;Ilknur Karaca Bekdik;Ali Cesur Onmaz;Oznur Aslan;Vehbi Gunes;Mehmet Citil;Ihsan Keles
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.38.1-38.16
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    • 2024
  • Importance: Deaths due to neonatal calf diarrhea are still one of the most critical problems of cattle breeding worldwide. Determining the parameters that can predict diarrhea-related deaths in calves is especially important in terms of prognosis and treatment strategies for the disease. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to determine mortality rates and durations, survival status, and predictive prognosis parameters based on vital signs, hematology, and blood gas analyses in neonatal diarrheic calves. Methods: The hospital automation system retrospectively obtained data from 89 neonatal diarrheic calves. Results: It was found that 42.7% (38/89) of the calves brought with the complaint of diarrhea died during hospitalization or after discharge. Short-term and long-term fatalities were a median of 9.25 hours and a median of 51.50 hours, respectively. When the data obtained from this study is evaluated, body temperature (℃), pH, base excess (mmol/L), and sodium bicarbonate (mmol/L) parameters were found to be lower, and hemoglobin (g/dL), hematocrit (%), lactate (mmol/L), chloride (mmol/L), sodium (mmol/L) and anion gap (mmol/L) parameters were found to be higher in dead calves compared to survivors. Accordingly, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration findings were seen as clinical conditions that should be considered. Logistic regression analysis showed that lactate (odds ratio, 1.429) and CI- (odds ratio, 1.232) concentration were significant risk factors associated with death in calves with diarrhea. Conclusions and Relevance: According to the findings obtained from this study, the determination of lactate and Cl- levels can be used as an adjunctive supplementary test in distinguishing calves with diarrhea with a good prognosis.

화학적 질식제 -청화물과 황화수소를 중심으로 (Chemical Asphyxiants - Cyanides and Hydrogen Sulfides)

  • 김양호;최영희;이충렬;이지호;유철인;이 현
    • 대한임상독성학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.12-20
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    • 2003
  • Cyanides and hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) are major chemical asphyxiants. They have common mechanism of action which inhibit cellular respiration and induce histotoxic hypoxia. They do not generate ATP, and all processes dependent on ATP are stopped. No extraction of $O_2$ from blood decreases AV $O_2$ differences, and the shift to anaerobic glycolysis brings about lactic acidosis with high anion gap. The mainstay of the treatment is rapid treatment with appropriate use of antidotes. However, there are several differences between cyanides and $H_2S$. First, $H_2S$ is not metabolized by enzymes such as thiosulfate. Thus thiosulfate does not play any role in treatment of $H_2S$. Second, $H_2S$ is a more potent inhibitor of cytochrome aa3 than cyanide. Third, $H_2S$ induces more divergent neurologic sequele than cyanide. Finally, $H_2S$ is not absorbed via skin.

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