• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.499-504
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• 1999

Objectives : To evaluate whether a relation between blood lead and zinc proto porphyrin(ZPP) was modified by gender in Korean lead workers. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,304 male and 101 female subjects in 1997. The relation between blood lead and ZPP were evaluated with linear, exponential, and quadratic models. Then, the different effect of gender on the relation was examined by adding the interaction terms in the each model. Results : $Mean{\pm}SD$ of blood lead and ZPP level was different between male$(27.7{\pm}10{\mu}g/dl\;and\;51.3{\pm}23.4{\mu}g/dl)$ and female subjects$(22.5{\pm}9.2{\mu}g/dl\;and\;78.7{\pm}38.6{\mu}g/dl)$. After adjusting for possible confounders, the effect modification by gender was significant in linear$(\beta=1.119,\;p<0.001)$, exponential$(\beta=Exp(0.008),\;p<0.05)$, and quadratic model$(\beta=1.388,\;p<0.001)$. In separate analysis, a quadratic relation between blood lead and ZPP was shown in male lead workers$(\beta=0.036,\;p<0.001)$, but an exponential relation in female lead workers$(\beta=Exp(0.029), p<0.001)$. Conclusion : Our data showed that the increasing rate of ZPP in female were always higher than in male lead workers, suggesting that females were more susceptible to occupational lead exposure than males.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2000

The preventive effects of sodium molybdate on the acute toxicity of lead were studied by investigating tissue accumulation of lead, changes of nerve conduction velocity and concentrations of metabolites related to function of sciatic nerve in rats treated with lead, sodium molybdate and both, respectively. In lead-intoxicated rat, the conduction velocity, myo-inositol concentration and $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity of sciatic nerve were decreased by about 33 %, 48 % and 58 %, respectively. However, sodium molybdate treatment significantly normalized the conduction velocity, $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity and myo-inositol concentration of sciatic nerve in lead-intoxicated rat. Also, sodium molybdate treatment decreased the contents of lead in blood and sciatic nerve through promotion of urinary excretion of lead. But sodium molybdate treatment did not affect the glucose concentration in sciatic nerve. These results suggest that sodium molybdate prevented peripheral neuropathy not only by reducing lead contents in sciatic nerve and blood, but also by enhancing $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity in sciatic nerve.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1995

대구시내 중심가의 국민학교 4학년 학생 남녀 각 50명씩들을 대상으로 혈액, 두발 및 조갑 내의 연농도를 정량분석하고 이들 각 시료 내의 연농도의 상관관계를 조사한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 혈액, 두발 및 발들의 평균 연농도는 각각 $6.00{\pm}2.44{\mu}g/dl,\;7.17{\pm}3.28{\mu}g/g,\;7.33{\pm}3.18{\mu}g/g$이었다. 혈중 연농도는 남학생이 $6.43{\pm}2.77{\mu}g/dl$, 여학생이 $5.59{\pm}2.01{\mu}g/dl$, 두발 중 연농도는 남학생이 $7.66{\pm}2.97{\mu}g/g$, 여학생이 $6.68{\pm}3.54{\mu}g/g$로 남학생에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 발톱의 경우는 남학생에서 $8.19{\pm}3.54{\mu}g/g$, 여학생에서 $6.47{\pm}2.59{\mu}g/g$로 남학생에서 유의하게 높았다. 혈액, 두발과 발톱 중 연농도에 따른 학생들의 분포는 혈액은 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/dl(38%)$, 여학생에서는 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/dl(42%)$에 전체적으로는 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/dl(41%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 두발의 경우 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(32%)$, 여학생에서 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/g(34%)$에 전체적으로는 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/g(28%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 발들에서는 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(34%)$, 여학생에서 $7.5\sim9.9{\mu}g/g(30%)$에 전체적으로는 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(31%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 또한 남학생의 8%, 여학생의 4%로 전체 학생들의 6%에서 혈액 중 연농도가 $10{\mu}g/dl$을 넘었다. 혈액, 두발과 발톱 사이의 연농도의 상관관계를 보면 남학생에서 혈액과 두발의 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.4909(p<0.001)(regression equation : Y(두발 중 연농도)=0.5255X(혈액 중 연농도)+4.2810)였으며, 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.3778(p<0.001) (regression equation : Y(두발 중 연농도)=0.6655X(혈액 중 연농도)+2.9632)이었다. 남학생에서 혈액과 발톱 중 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.5533(p<0.01) (regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.7076X(혈액 중 연농도)+3.6472)였으며 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.2738(regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.3431X(혈액 중 연농도)+4.5570이었다. 남학생에서 두발과 발톱 중 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.4148(p<0.001) (regression equation : Y(발들 중 연농도)=0.4956X(두발 중 연농도)+4.3986)였으며, 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.1159(regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.0825X(두발 중 연농도)+5.9214)이었다. 본 연구의 결과에서 여학생의 두발과 발톱간을 제외하고, 대도시 남자 국민학교 학생들의 혈액, 두발, 발들의 연농도간의 유의한 관련성이 있으므로 혈액, 두발및 발톱을 연 폭로평가의 상호보완, 혹은 대체시료로써 이용의 가능성이 있다고 생각된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.152-160
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• 2006

Genotype of ALAD and VDR yields two alleles, respectively and it has been implicated in susceptibility to lead toxicity. Also genotype known to variety by race. To evaluate the genetic susceptibility of ALAD and VDR gene on health effect of lead exposure, this study was done with new workers who entered lead industries from 1992 to 2001. Among database of lead industries of Soonchunhyang University Institute of Industrial Medicine, only new workers were selected for this study. The total of eligible workers for this category was 3,540 workers including non lead exposed workers of same lead industries. Genotype of ALAD and VDR were measured from stored blood in specimen bank of Soonchunhyang University, blood lead and other relevant information were obtained from database of each workers which were gathered at their first year of employment. Among 3,540 new employed study subjects during period of 1992-2001, 3204 workers(90.5%) had ALAD genotype 1-1; whereas 336 workers(9.5%) had variant type of ALAD (1-2 or 2-2). Lead exposed workers, 9.8%(n=243) male and 8.1%(n=16) female were heterozygous for the ALAD allele. Also non lead exposed workers, 8.9%(n=67) male and 9.3%(n=10) female were heterozygous for the ALAD allele. For VDR genotype, 2,903 workers(89.7%) out of total tested 3,238 workers were belonged to type bb and 335 workers(10.3%) were type bB or BB. Lead exposed workers, 10.4%(n=235) male and 12.2%(n=24) female were heterozygous for the VDR allele. Also non lead exposed workers, 9.2%(n=64) male and 12.5%(n=12) female were heterozygous for the VDR allele. No significant differences were seen in mean blood lead levels by ALAD and VDR genotype, nor was significantly associated with blood lead except age in multiple regression analysis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.421-432
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• 1995

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was studied. Eighty nine lead exposed workers who worked in 2 storage battery factories, and seventy one control workers were chosen for this study. Blood lead(PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP) were selected as indicators of lead exposure. As indicators of renal function, urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase(NAG), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(S-Cr), total protein in urine(U-TP),and serum uric acid(S-Ua) were selected. The results obtained were as follows: 1. While the mean values of lead exposure indicators of lead workers were significantly different from non-exposed ones, the mean values of NAG, U-TP, BUN and S-Cr of renal function indicators of exposed were also significantly different from non-exposed but their mean values were all within normal limits. 2. BUN, logarithmic U-TP, logarithmic NAG and S-Cr showed statistically significant correlation with PbB. 3. The proportion of workers whose values of renal function indicators were over the normal limits(NAG7.5 U/g Cr ; U-TP10.9 mg/dl ; BUN20 mg/dl ; S-Crl.2 mg/dl ; S-Ua7.0 mg/dl) by the level of lead absorption in terms of PbB and ZPP were calculated. The proportion of workers with over the normal limits of U-TP among total workers showed the dose-response relationship. When age is adjusted, U-TP showed significantly strong dose-response relationship with the level of PbB and ZPP.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2005

To evaluate the effect of lead biomarkers including bone lead on neurobehavioral test in lead workers, 652 lead workers without any occupational exposure to organic solvent, mercury and arsenic were agreed to participate this study. For the control subjects 102 non-occupationally lead exposed blue collar workers in general manufacturing industries were also joined this study. All study subjects joined this study with written informed consent. The study variables of lead exposure were blood and patella lead. For the general characteristics of study subjects, standardized questionnaire regarding age, sex, past disease history, job duration, body mass index (BMI), drinking and smoking habit were provided. For the past history of neurotoxicity related diseases, all study subjects were interviewed by qualified occupational health physician. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Compared with controls without occupational lead exposure, lead exposed subjects had worse performance on all tests(p<0.05). 2. After adjustment for covariates (age, sex, job duration, education level, BMI, smoking and drinking status), the signs of the regression coefficients for blood lead were negative for 13 of the 14 tests. Blood lead was a significant predictor of poorer scores on 8 tests (simple reaction time(ms & root MSD), Trail-Making Test B, Digit Symbol Substitution, Purdue Pegboard assembly, Digit Span Test, Benton Visual Retention, and Purdue pegboard both hand). 3. After adjustment for covariates (age, sex, job duration, education level, BMI, smoking and drinking status), the signs of the regression coefficients for patella lead were negative for 12 of the 14 tests. Patella lead was a significant predictor of poorer scores on 8 tests (simple reaction time(ms). Purdue Pegboard assembly, Digit Span Test, Benton Visual Retention. Pursuit Aiming rest (no. of correct & no. of incorrect), Purdue pegboard non-dominant hand and both hand). With above results, blood lead and patella lead were associated with poorer performance of neurobehavioral tests. In addition, patella lead was confirmed to be better predictor of manual dexterity test in neurobehavioral test battery in lead workers

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.224-236
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• 1998

자동차 배기가스내 연에 노출될 위험이 큰 직업의 하나인 지하주차장 근무자들의 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도를 측정하고 근무자의 특성에 따른 연농도의 분포 양상 및 그 상관 요인을 규명하기 위하여 1997년 7월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 대구광역시 소재 모 지하주차장의 남자 차량관리 근무자 25명과 자동차 배기 가스에 직접적으로 노출되지 않는다고 생각되는 사무직 근로자 33명을 대상으로 면접설문조사를 하고, 정맥 혈을 채취하여 원자화 무염광로를 부착한 원자흡광광도계 및 hematofluorometer를 이용하여 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도를 측정하였다. 지하주차장 근무자들의 평균 혈중 연 농도는 $23.10{\pm}20.77{\mu}g/dl$였고, 대조군은 $12.99{\pm}12.71{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p<0.05), 평균 혈중 ZPP 농도는 지하주차장 근무자는 $40.72{\pm}9.46{\mu}g/dl$였고, 대조군은 $38.21{\pm}10.97{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 지하주차장 근무 정력에 따른 평균 혈중 연 농도는 5년 미만이 $20.60{\pm}18.28{\mu}g/dl$였고, 5년 이상이 $29.22{\pm}20.76{\mu}g/dl$로써 근무 경력이 많을수록 혈중 연 농도가 증가하는 경향이 있었으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 지하주차장 근무 경력에 따른 평균 혈중 ZPP 농도는 5년 미만이 $42.94{\pm}8.75{\mu}g/dl$였고, 5년 이상이 $36.00{\pm}9.71{\mu}g/dl$로써 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 근무 경력과 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도사이에 상관 관계는 거의 없었다. 흡연 습관과 혈중 연 농도의 관계에서는 지하주차장 근무자는 흡연군에서 높은 혈중 연 농도를 나타내었으나 통계적으로는 유의하지는 않았고, 혈중 ZPP 농도도 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 혈중 연 농도를 종속변수로하고, 연령, 흡연습관 및 직종을 독립변수로 한 중회귀분석에서 직종만이 혈중 연 농도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수였고, 혈중 ZPP 농도를 종속변수로하고, 연령, 흡연습관 및 직종을 독립변수로 한 중회귀분석에서 연령만이 혈중 ZPP 농도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.747-764
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• 1996

This study intended to obtain an useful information for health management of lead exposed workers and determine biological monitoring interval in early period of exposure by measuring the lead exposure indices and work duration in all male workers (n=433 persons) exposed less than 1 year in 6 storage battery industries and in 49 males who are not exposed to lead as control. The examined variables were blood lead concentration (PBB), Zinc-protoporphyrin concentration (ZPP), Hemoglobin (HB) and personal history; also measured lead concentration in air (PBA) in the workplace. According to the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, the factories were grouped into three categories: A; When it is below $0.05mg/m^3$, B; When it is between 0.05 and $0.10mg/m^3$, and C; When it is above $0.10mg/m^3$. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in all male workers exposed to lead less than 1 year in storage battery industries were $29.5{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml,\;52.9{\pm}30.0{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.1\;gm/100ml$. 2. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in control group were $5.8{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml,\;30.8{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.7{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml$, being much lower than that of study group exposed to lead. 3. The means of blood lead concentration and ZPP concentration among group A were $21.9{\pm}7.6{\mu}g/100,\;41.4{\pm}12.6{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group B were $29.8{\pm}11.6{\mu}g/100,\;52.6{\pm}27.9{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group C were $37.2{\pm}13.5{\mu}g/100,\;66.3{\pm}40.7{\mu}g/100ml$. Significant differences were found among three factory group(P<0.01) that was classified by the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, group A being the lowest. 4. The mean of blood lead concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $24.1{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $29.2{\pm}13.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $28.9\sim34.5{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 5. The mean of ZPP concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $40.6{\pm}18.0{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $53.4{\pm}38.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $51.5\sim60.4{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 6. Among total workers(433 person), 18.2% had PBB concentration higher than $40{\mu}g/100ml$ and 7.1% had ZPP concentration higher than $100{\mu}g/100ml$ ; In workers of factory group A, those were 0.9% and 0.0% ; In workers of factory group B, those were 17.1% and 6.9% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 39.4% and 15.4%. 7. The proportions of total workers(433 person) with blood lead concentration lower than $25{\mu}g/100ml$ and ZPP concentration lower than $50{\mu}g/100ml$ were 39.7% and 61.9%, respectively ; In workers of factory group A, those were 65.5% and 82.3% : In workers of factory group B, those were 36.1% and 60.2% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 19.2% and 43.3%. 8. Blood lead concentration (r=0.177, P<0.01), ZPP concentration (r=0.135, P<0.01), log ZPP (r=0.170, P<0.01) and hemoglobin (r=0.096, P<0.05) showed statistically significant correlation with work duration (month). ZPP concentration (r=0.612, P<0.01) and log ZPP (r=0.614, P<0.01) showed statistically significant correlation with blood lead concentration 9. The slopes of simple linear regression between work duration(month, independent variable) and blood lead concentration (dependent variable) in workplace with low air concentration of lead was less steeper than that of poor working condition with high geometric mean air concentration of lead. The study result indicates that new employees should be provided with biological monitoring including blood lead concentration test and education about personal hygiene and work place management within $3\sim4$ month.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate relationship between plasma $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAP) and lead exposure indices in exposure to lead. The subjects were 218 male workers in 2 storage battery companies and 2 secondary smelting companies. Blood lead(PbB), blood zinc-protoporphyrin( ZPP), urinary $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAU), hemoglobin(Hb), and hematocrit(Hct) were measured as lead exposure indices. The results were as follows, 1. The means of blood lead and blood ZPP concentration of subjects were $27.2{\pm}14.0{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $55.1{\pm}47.6{\mu}g/d{\ell}$, respectively. The means of plasma $\delta$ - ALA and urinary $\delta$ - ALA concentration were $18.9{\pm}25.1{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $2.1{\pm}4.6mg/{\ell}$, respectively. 2. The concentration of ALAP was $11.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for below $20{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, $12.8{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for from $21-40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, and $51.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for over $40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, respectively. 3. ALAP was significantly correlated with ALAU(r=0.829, p<0.01), ZPP(r=0.724, p<0.01) and PbB(r=0.552, p<0.01).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1996

We experienced a case of nephropathy in chronic lead poisoning. The patient was 43-year-old male who has been working in secondary lead smelting plant for 14 years. On admission, blood pressure was 160/90 mmHg and the others were non-specific. In past history, he received chelating agent administration for lead poisoning irregularly and medicated for gout, and the blood lead concentration was $180.0{\mu}g/dl$ on 2 months before admission. Smoking habit has been 1 pack per day for 15 years and drinking habit has been 1 bottle of Soju per day but less flow. In liver function test, AST/ALT were 27/28 IU/l and $\gamma-GT$ was 456 IU/l. In blood test, Hb : 11.5 g/dl, Hct : 34.0% and basophilic stipplings were found in peripheral blood smear. Chest PA was normal and abdominal ultrasonographic finding was non-specific except fatty liver. In the test of lead exposure indices, $PbB:83.0{\mu}g/dl,\;PbU:28.3{\mu}g/l$, and blood ZPP was $300.0{\mu}g/dl$. And in renal function test, BUN : 31.4 mg/dl, blood creatinine : 2.7mg/dl, blood uric acid. 9.1 mg/dl, urinary albumin : 100.0 mg/g creatinine, urinary $\alpha_1-microglobulin$ : 120.5 mg/g creatinine, urinary $\beta_2-microglobulin$ : $183.8{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and 24 hours urinary creatinine clearance was 31.9 ml/min. The ultrasonoguided renal biopsy showed the global sclerosis of glomerulus, moderate atrophy and loss of tubule, and interstitial fibrosis in light microscopy. There were diffuse losses of brush border of proximal tubule in electronmicroscopy.