• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of developed SCB (DSCB) liquid fertilizer produced by adding N, P and K at SCB liquid fertilizer on the growth of kentucky bluegrass. Two different N sources used in DSCB were ammonium sulfate (DSCB-A) and urea (DSCB-U), respectively. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; chemical fertilizer), DSCB-A1 ($200\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-A), OSCB-A2 ($250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-A), OSCB-U ($250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-U) and CF+SCB (CF+$250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$SCB). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In kentucky bluegrass, turf color index, chlorophyll index, dry weight and nutrient contents were measured. Results were as follows; It was hardly affected by DSCB and SCB application in investigation of chemical properties of soil. Turf color index and chlorophyll index in DSCB and SCB treatments were increased by 1~2% and 19~24% than NF, respectively and similar to CF. As applied with DSCB and SCB, dry weight of DSCB-U and CF+SCB was increased by 36% and 10% than CF, respectively, but similar to that of OSCB-A1 and DSCB-A2. Evaluated with turf quality and growth, DSCB-U was the best in all treatment and OSCB-A1 the most efficient. These results indicated that applications of OSCB and SCB promoted turf quality and growth of kentucky bluegrass or similar to CF, so that they were expected to replace chemical fertilizers.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bastnasite nitrate fertilizer (BNF) on the growth of creeping bentgrass. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; compound fertilizer), RE-l (CF+0.3 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$BNF), RE-2 (CF+0.5 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$BNF), RE-3 (CF+1.0 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$BNF) and RE-4 (0.5 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$BNF). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In creeping bentgrass, turf qualities such as turf color index and chlorophyll index, shoot number, clipping dry weight and nutrients of tissue were measured. It was hardly affected by BNF application in investigation of chemical properties of the soil. By applying BNF, turf color index and chlorophyll index in RE-2 were increased 3.9% and 9.2% more than NF. As applied BNF on creeping bentgrass, shoot number was increased 9% in RE-4 more than NF and 22% in RE~2 more than CF. It was increased in N uptake and clipping dry weight of creeping bentgrass by supplying BNF. These results indicated that the BNF application promoted a turf qualities and a growth of creeping bentgrass by advancing N uptake and shoot number.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of developed SCB(DSCB) produced by adding N, P and K to SCB liquid fertilizer on the growth of creeping bentgrass. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; chemical fertilizer), 100 DSCB (250 $ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB), 80DSCB (200 $ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB) and CF+SCB (CF+250 $ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$SCB). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In creeping bentgrass, turf color index, chlorophyll index, dry weight, shoot number and nutrient content were measured. The results were as follows; Chemical properties of soil was hardly affected by DSCB and SCB applications. Turf color index and chlorophyll index in DSCB and SCB treatment were increased by 2~3% and 14~19% than those in NF, respectively, and similar to those of CF treatment. As applied to DSCB and SCB, shoot number was increased by 7%, 21%, 36% in 100 DSCB, 80 DSCB and CF+SCB than NF, respectively, and by 19% in CF+SCB than in CF. Supplying DSCB and SCB increased dry weight of creeping bentgrass, compared to CF treatment. Compared with CF, nitrogen and P content in tissue was increased in CF+SCB and in 80DSCB, respectively. These results suggested that applications of DSCB and SCB promoted turf quality and growth of creeping bentgrass by enhancing N and P uptake and shoot number.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.562-568
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• 2017

Objective: The hull attached to the barley kernel can be mechanically removed thus reducing the fiber content of the barley. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial dehulling on the nutrient digestibility as well as the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of barley in pigs. Methods: Two hulled barley samples (high fiber barley [HF] and low fiber barley [LF]) with either high or low fiber contents were obtained from the Hubei and Jiangsu Provinces of China. A portion of the two barleys was mechanically dehulled (dehulled high fiber barley [DHF] and dehulled low fiber barley [DLF]). Thirty barrows (initial $BW=31.5{\pm}3.2kg$) were assigned to one of five diets in a randomized complete block design. The five diets consisted of 96.9% corn, HF, LF, DHF, or DLF supplemented with 3.1% minerals and vitamins. Each diet was fed to six barrows housed in individual metabolism crates for a 10-d acclimation period followed by a 5-day total but separate collection of feces and urine. Results: The daily loss of gross energy (GE) in feces was lower (p<0.01) for pigs fed DHF than for those fed HF. The daily N intake and fecal N loss were lowest (p<0.01) for pigs fed the corn diet. The DE and ME as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, GE, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of DHF or DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in HF and LF, respectively while the values except the ATTD of NDF and ADF in DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in DHF and were comparable to corn. Conclusion: The DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of nutrients in both DHF and DLF barley were improved compared with the HF and LF barley. Moreover, the nutritive value of DLF barley was comparable to the yellow-dent corn used in the study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of protein concentrate supplementation on the growth performance of yak calves, and correlated the growth rate to changes occurring in the plasma- amino acids, -insulin profile, and signaling activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade to characterize the mechanism through which the protein synthesis can be improved in early weaned yaks. Methods: For this study, 48 early (3 months old) weaned yak calves were selected, and assigned into four dietary treatments according to randomized complete block design. The four blocks were balanced for body weight and sex. The yaks were either grazed on natural pasture (control diet) in a single herd or the grazing yaks was supplemented with one of the three protein rich supplements containing low (17%; LP), medium (19%; MP), or high (21%; HP) levels of crude proteins for a period of 30 days. Results: Results showed that the average daily gain of calves increased (0.14 vs 0.23-0.26 kg; p<0.05) with protein concentrates supplementation. The concentration of plasma methionine increased (p<0.05; 8.6 vs $10.1-12.4{\mu}mol/L$), while those of serine and tyrosine did not change (p>0.05) when the grazing calves were supplemented with protein concentrates. Compared to control diet, the insulin level of calves increased (p<0.05; 1.86 vs $2.16-2.54{\mu}IU/mL$) with supplementation of protein concentrates. Addition of protein concentrates up-regulated (p<0.05) expression of mTOR-raptor, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, the translational regulators eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, and S6 kinase 1 genes in both Longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus. In contrast, the expression of sequestosome 1 was down-regulated in the concentrate supplemented calves. Conclusion: Our results show that protein supplementation improves the growth performance of early weaned yak calves, and that plasma methionine and insulin concentrations were the key mediator for gene expression and protein deposition in the muscles.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil fertilizers on wax content, contact angle, mineral nutrient content of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb, et Zucc.) leaves and soil acidity of Japanese red pine communities in Namsan and Kwangnung to see whether they can recover forest decline. Japenese red pine communities were treated with $Ca(OH)_2$, $Mg(OH)_2$, $Ca(OH)_2+Mg(OH)_2$+C.F.(compound fertilizer) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication from November, 1990 through October, 1993. Wax content, contact angle value and mineral nutrient content of Japanese red pine leaves and soil pH of communities were measured and the results obtained are as follows: 1. Contact angle value and wax content of Japenese red pine leaves increased when the fertilizers were applied in soil. The order leaves grew, the smaller their contact angle values. 2. K and Ca contents of Japanese red pine leaves were higher in Namsan than in Kwangnung, whereas Mg content was higher in Kwangnung. K and Mg contents of the leaves increased with fertilization both in Namsan and Kwangnung. 3. Soil acidity of pH 4.2 ~ 4.3 was shown in Namsan and pH 4.6 ~ 4.9 in Kwangnung. No acidity changes were shown when the fertilizers were applied in soil. However with the lapse of the soil fertilizer application time, there was the indication that soil pH became higher in the fertilizer treatments than in the control.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.400-410
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding the broilers that are exposed to extreme heat stress by control of inverse lighting times with night restricted feeding of extreme heat diet(EHD1, 2: extreme heat diet) containing different amount of soy oil, molasses, amino acids and vitamin C on short chain fatty acid and blood lipid profile. 300 broiler chickens(Abaica strain) were randomized into four dietary treatment groups according to a randomized block design on the day they were hatched. The four dietary treatment groups were: T1(EHD 1, 10:00~19:00 Dark, 19:00~10:00 Light), T2(EHD 2, 10:00~19:00 Dark, 19:00~10:00 Light), T3(EHD 1, 09:00~18:00 Dark, 18:00~09:00 Light), T4(EHD 2, 09:00~18:00 Dark, 18:00~09:00 Light). The body weight gain of the broilers was highest in T2, and high in order T1, T4, T3(p<0.05). Weights of the lymphoid organ, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were high in T1, T2 as compared to T3, T4 but spleen was lower in T4 than T1, T2, T3(p<0.05). Blood triglyceride, total cholesterol and glucose were higher in T1, T2 than T3, T4(p<0.05). LDL-C was high in orderT4, T3, T2, T1 but HDL-C showed the opposite trend(p<0.05). Blood concentrations of IgG, IgG and IgM were higher in T1, T2 than inT3, T4, but the corticosterone concentration decreased significantly in them. In T1 and T2, Lactobacillus in the feces increased, but total aerobic bacteria, E.coli, coliform bacteria was decreased rather significantly, compared with those in T3 and T4(p<0.05). Concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in cecum were high in order T2, T1, T3, T4, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid were lower in T1, T2 than in T3, T4 (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1985

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary fiber sources and levels on serum lipids in rats fed a hypercholesterol diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 52.7 ${\pm}$ 7.27g were devided into sevel groups by completely randomized block design and fed various dietary fibers which were prepared from Rice bran, Siraegi (The dried green parts of a radish) and Bracken Fern at a level of 5% and 10% respectively. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. Body weight gains were not significantly different among the groups and food intake was significantly higher in rats fed a diet of Siraegi 10% than those fed the control diet. 2. Fecal wet weights were significantly increased in all experimental groups. 3. Levels of serum total cholesterol in all experimental groups were significantly lower than that of the control group except the level in the R 10(Rice bran 10%) group. 4. Free Cholesterol levels in the serum were increased in all experimental groups, especially the levels in the R 10 (Rice bran 10%) and S 10 (Siraegi 10%) groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. 5. Ester Cholesterol levels in the serum were significantly lower in rats fed the experimental diets than those fed the control diet. 6. There was a tendency of higher serum HDL-Cholesterol levels in R5 (Rice bran 5%), R10 (Rice bran 10%) and B5(Bracken 5%) groups compared to the control group however no significant differences were found between the control group and all the experimental groups except in the case of the S5 (Siraegi 5%) group. 7. LDL, VLDL-Cholesterol levels in the serum sere significantly reduced in the S5 (Siraegi 5%), B5 (Bracken 5%) and B10 (Bracken 10%) groups. 8. The HDL-C./Total-C. Ratio was increased in all experimental group especially the Ratios in the S5 and B5 groups were significantly higher than that of the control group.