• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

Lean combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a ethanol fueled spark-ignited engine according to ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio were investigated. The test engine was $1591cm^3$ and 10.5 of compression ratio SI engine with 4 cylinders. In addition, lambda sensor system was connected with universal ECU to control the lambda value which is varied from 1.0 to 1.5. The engine performance and lean combustion characteristics such as brake torque, cylinder pressure and rate of heat release were investigated according to ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio. Furthermore, the exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were measured by emission analyzers. The results showed that the brake torque, cylinder pressure and the stability of engine operation were increased as ethanol blending ratio is increased. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased in higher ethanol blending ratio while brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was decreased in higher ethanol blending ratio. The exhaust emissions were decreased as ethanol blending ratio is increased under overall experimental conditions, however, some specific exhaust emission characteristics were mainly influenced by lambda value and ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.92-102
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• 2001

The effect of ethanol-blending on the performances of the MPI gasoline engine was examined. The experiments were carried out for the stoichiometric conditions under MBT spark timing over various operating conditions. The blending rate of ethanol were determined as 10 to 30 percent according to the analysis of the properties of blended fuels. The engine with ethanol-blended fuels showed improved performances such as brake torque, brake power, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions compared with those of pure gasoline over most operating conditions. Though the brake specific fuel consumption was increased by ethanol-blending due to their lower heating values, the increasing rates of the brake specific fuel consumption were limited to the half of the blending rates owing to the increase in the thermal efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 1990

In this study, the freezing and thawing resistance in sea-water of hardened cement paste was investigated by adding slag, diatomaceous earth and fly ash as blending materials and air entraining agent and superplasticizer as admixtures to the cement paste. The structure of hardened cement pate was densified by potential hydraulic properties and pozzolan reactivities of materials and the freezing and thawing resistance of the paste was improved with the effect blending materials and admixtures. As the blending materials were added to the paste, the quantity of C3A was relatively reduced and the formation of expansive ettringite was suppressed to decrease the penetration of sea-water or Cl-, SO42-ion, and then freeze-thaw resistance was enhanced. Particulary, when 40% of slag was mixed, the resistance was excellent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.329-333
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• 1986

Rice bran ell was blended with double fractionated palm olein (DF palm olein) to examine the cooking performance of blended oil. A blended oil made with 80% or higher rice bran oil and 20% or less DF palm olein passed the cold test, and had a cloud point of $-3^{\circ}C$. Blending of DF palm olein to rice bran oil lowered the smoke point, refractive index, and absorbancies at 232 and 268 nm of rice bran oil. Dielectric constant of oils was not affected by blending during heating. Blending of DF palm olein , however, increased the acids formation in rice bran oil, whereas it retarded polymer formation. The results of the analytical methods used in this study except dielectric constant measurement showed significant difference among the blended oils depending on the blending ratios.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.565-574
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• 2007

The flow control effect of blending Gurney flap with jet flap for flow around an NACA 0012 airfoil was numerically investigated through parameter variation of each flow control mechanism on unstructured meshes. The aerodynamic force and moment variations due to flow control were examined, and the results were compared between the blending control and each individual flow control. The results showed that the blending control required less energy input to achieve the same level of lift increment than that of the jet flap, and at the same time alleviated drag increment caused by introducing the Gurney flap.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2005

PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fibers composed of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), low molecular weight poly ($\varepsilon$-caprolactone) (LPCL), and high molecular weight poly ($\varepsilon$-caprolactone) (HPCL) were prepared by melt blending and spinning for bioab­sorbable filament sutures. The effects of blending time and blend composition on the X-ray diffraction patterns and tensile properties of PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fibers were characterized by WAXD and UTM. In addition, the effect of in vitro degra­dation on the weight loss and tensile properties of the blend fibers hydrolyzed during immersion in a phosphate buffer solu­tion at pH 7.4 and 37$^{\circ}C$ for 1-8 weeks was investigated. The peak intensities of PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fibers in X-ray diffraction patterns decreased with an increase of blending time and LPCL contents in the blend fibers. The weight loss of PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fibers increased with an increase of blending time, LPCL contents, and hydrolysis time while the tensile strength and modulus of the blend fibers decreased. The tensile strength and modulus of the blend fibers were also found to be increased with an increase of HPCL contents in the blend fibers. The optimum conditions to prepare PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fibers for bioabsorbable sutures are LPCL contents of $5 wt\%, HPCL contents of $35 wt\%, and blending time of 30 min. The strength retention of the PLA/LPCL/HPCL blend fiber prepared under optimum conditions was about $93.5\% even at hydrolysis time of 2 weeks.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.333-338
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• 2012

This paper is related to a skinny smudge blending method using the arbitrary-shaped master adhered closely to the contour shape. The smudge tool is the popular graphic tool embedded in Adobe Photoshop CS6. The smudge tool is used to smear paint on your canvas. The effect is much like finger painting. We can use the smudge tool by selecting its icon on the toolbox of Adobe Photoshop CS6 and dragging in the direction you want to smudge while holding the mouse button down on the image. As the smudge tool blends all the pixels within a radius of the master to generate the result image, its disadvantages are to smudge even the pixels in the undesired region. In this paper to reduce the disadvantage, the skinny smudge blending method using arbitrary-shaped master is proposed. The proposed blending method has the advantage of applying the smudge effect to the desired regions regardless of the background as the arbitrary-shaped master adhered closely to the contour shape is extracted by color image segmentation.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.24-31
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• 2001

As a novel method to improve strength properties of recycled test liner, Condebelt press drying system was introduced and adopted into Korea. New press drying treatment could enhance the surface and strength properties in accordance with the increase of sheet density. However, Condebelt drying can not increase the density of repeatedly recycled test liner as much as that of virgin UKP and at the same density condition, the strength of Condebelt press dried UKP is greater than that of press dried test liner. In order to increase the strength of test liner, two attempts were tried in this study. First, addition of polyelectrolytes, dry strength agent was investigated with a view to promote the fiber bonding potential of reclaimed corrugated container pulp. Second, blending effect of fines were analyzed in an aims of increasing density and strength of test liner. The results were as follows; Even in the case of test liner densified by Condebelt press dryer, addition of amphoteric PAM as a dry strength agent was effective in increasing strength properties and so the effect of dry strength agent on improving bonding potential of recycled OCC fiber could be confirmed. As an appropriate addition level of amphoteric PAM, below 1% based on dry pulp weight was suggested. Different from virgin UKP, density of recycled test liner can be increased by the blending of OCC fines and strength properties also can be improved. However, excessive blending of OCC fines could result in decreasing of density and serious weakening of test liner. The best blending ration of fines in test liner can be determined as about 30%. Taking into account the fines content in general OCC pulp as 50%, excessive 20% of fines were supposed to be fractionated and removed in order to achieve the best strength of Condebelt press dried test liner.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.171-181
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• 2022

Purpose: In this paper, we show our blending ratio of 10 types of Essential Oils that survives beneficial bacteria and kills harmful bacteria in the scalp, and we investigate the possibility of application of our blending ratio to the development of anti-dandruff products and the possibility of being used as a raw material for clinical beauty and customized cosmetics. Methods: The scalp microorganisms used in our study were M. furfur, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. nitroreducens. There are a total of 10 Essential Oils such as True Lavender, Lime, Roman chamomile, Rosemary camphor, Cedarwood, Geranium, Clove, Tea tree, Palmalosa, and Peppermint. The antibacterial test of the blended Essential Oil was carried out according to the test method of the standardized evaluation methodology of "Food and Food Additives Code". Since M. furfur is related to the growth of sebum in the scalp, in this study we used the fnLNB and the fnLNA with 20 ㎖ of whole fat cow milk added. Results: The blending ratio of EO, which inhibits dandruff-causing bacteria such as M. furfur, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and does not inhibit P. nitroreducens showing dominant growth in a healthy scalp, was B8(Clove 0.2%, Roman chamomile 0.5%, Tea tree 0.3%), B9(Geranium 0.1%, Palmarosa 0.1%, Roman chamomile 0.5%, Tea tree 0.3%), B10(Clove 0.1%, Geranium 0.1%, Palmarosa 0.1%, Roman chamomile 0.5%, Tea tree 0.2%). Conclusion: It is thought that the blending ratio of BEO obtained as a result of this study can provide a basis for use as an alternative to antibiotics in developing anti-dandruff drugs and emerge as a new alternative to solve scalp microbial imbalance. In order for EO to be used as a useful raw material for anti-dandruff preparation, researches on 1) Standardization (the effects of products differ according to the types, regions, climate, extraction methods, etc.), 2) Antimicrobial effects, 3) Safety, etc., must be established.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.31-34
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• 2004

Carbon nanofiber exhibits superior and often unique characteristics of mechanical, electrical chemical and thermal properties. In this study, For improvement of the mechanical properties of composites, carbon nanofiber reinforced hybrid composites was investigated. For the effect of dispersion, The dispersion methods of solution blending and mechanical mixing were used. The mixing of solution blending method was used using ultrasonic. Dispersion of carbon nanofiber was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties were measured by universal testing Machine (UTM).