• Journal of Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2010

The characteristics of diffraction gratings, fabricated using Slavich PFG-01 plates as a holographic recording material, were investigated using various bleach techniques. The changes in diffraction efficiencies, under given development conditions, resulting from the use of a new reversal bleach and a new fixation free rehalogenating bleach are investigated. From the experimental results, it was found that the diffraction efficiencies are influenced by the composition of the developer, the reversal bleach and the fixation free rehalogenating bleach. In this study, the highest values of the maximum diffraction efficiency was obtained when PFG-01 plates were developed in AAC developers contained with l-ascorbic acid 20 g/L and sodium carbonate 60 g/L, processed by a reversal bleach, as high as 89.0%. Moreover, the maximum diffraction efficiency of 82.1% was obtained when PFG-01 plates were processed by a fixation free rehalogenating bleach. In addition, higher diffraction efficiencies are yielded in the case of the revesal bleach than in the case of the fixation free rehalogenating bleach.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2011

We investigate the resistance of Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum oocysts to commercial bleach treatment. The viability and infectivity of C. parvum oocysts suspended in 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.3 or 3.2% aqueous commercial bleach for 10, 30, 60, 120 or 180 min at room temperature were assessed by nucleic acid Syto-9 staining, histologic examination of ileum and infectivity to immunosuppressed neonatal C57BL/6N mice. Although the viability was decreased compared with normal oocysts, all oocysts in contact with serially diluted commercial bleach for 180 min were alive by nucleic acid dye Syto-9 staining. And, microscopic examination of ileum sections revealed developmental stages of C. parvum in all mice. The oocyst shedding patterns between mice infected with oocysts contacted with commercial bleach and normal control mice were not significantly different each other. Although commercial bleach is widely used as a bacterial and viral disinfectant, the present findings indicate that it is not an effective disinfectant for C. parvum oocysts under practical conditions. Authors conclude that, therefore, it is undesirable to recommend commercial bleach as a disinfectant for C. parvum oocysts.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.242-248
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• 2022

The effect of ethylenediamine (EDA) on the reaction of luminol or Bluestar with blood and bleaches was studied. For this purpose, blood, chlorine bleach, and oxygen bleach were applied to filter paper, treated with EDA-containing luminol or Bluestar, and the changes in chemiluminescence intensity were observed. It was found that the chemiluminescence intensity of the luminol (or Bluestar)-blood reaction did not change with the increasing concentration of EDA. However, the chemiluminescence intensity of the luminol (or Bluestar)-chlorine bleach reaction decreased and the chemiluminescence intensity of the luminol (or Bluestar)-oxygen bleach reaction increased, with increasing EDA concentration. Thus, it was found that when EDA was added to luminol (or Bluestar), which is a blood-sensitive reagent, EDA suppressed the false-positive reaction induced by chlorine bleach and induced a false-positive reaction with oxygen bleach. Consequently, the addition of EDA is not recommended for enhancing bloodstains with luminol or Bluestar.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.357-364
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• 2019

This study comparatively analyzed hair damage by hair bleach particles and identified three different bleach particle sizes using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The powdered bleaching agents made of ammonium persulfate (APS) and potassium persulfate had particle sizes of $131{\mu}m$, $72{\mu}m$ and $48.8{\mu}m$. According to a hair damage test, cuticle lift-up or peeling hardly occurred when small bleach particles were used. In terms of hair color, the hair bleached with larger bleach particles was the darkest, while the hair bleached with small bleach particles was the brightest. The results found that for bleaching agents that are more effective in easing hair damage, those with little particles should be used. In addition, it appears that the selection of particles depending on the degree of hair bleaching would enhance bleaching effects and reduce hair damage. The above process is a way to get great results in selecting a bleaching agent. It is anticipated that hair damage could be reduced during hair bleaching based on the above results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigated the microhardness, flexural strength, and color stability of bleach-shade resin composites cured with 3 different light-curing units. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 270 samples were fabricated of bleach and A2 shades of 3 commercial resin composites (Point 4, G-aenial Anterior, and Estelite Sigma Quick). Samples (n = 5 for each trial) were cured with Bluephase N, Woodpecker LED.D, and Optilux 501 units and underwent Vickers microhardness and flexural strength tests. The samples were tested after 24 hours of storage in distilled water. Color was assessed using a spectrophotometer immediately after preparation and 24 hours after curing. Data were analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.001). Results: Samples cured with Optilux exhibited the highest and those cured with LED.D exhibited the lowest microhardness (p = 0.023). The bleach shade of Point 4 composite cured with Optilux displayed the highest flexural strength, while the same composite and shade cured with Sigma Quick exhibited the lowest (p ≤ 0.001). The color change after 24 hours was greatest for the bleach shade of G-aenial cured with Bluephase N and least for the A2 shade of Sigma Quick cured with Optilux (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Light curing with polywave light-emitting diode (LED) yielded results between or statistically similar to those of quartz-tungsten-halogen and monowave LED in the microhardness and flexural strength of both A2 and bleach shades of resin composites. However, the brands of light-curing devices showed significant differences in color stability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.558-563
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• 2001

A new alkalophilic strain of Bacillus pumilus JB¬05 producing bleach-stable and halo-tolerant alkaline protease was isolated from cement industry effluents in Karnataka, India. The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on protease production by this alkalophilic strain were observed after a 30-h incubation. A high level of alkaline protease activity was obtained in the presence of starch as the carbon and peptone as the nitrogen sources. The partially purified enzyme showed an optimum temperature and pH activity at $58^{\circ}C$ and 10.5, respectively. The enzyme was completely inhibited by PMSF (95.0%) indicating it as a serine protease. It is bleach-stable as it retained 35% original activity in the presence of 10% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide at $30^{\circ}$C after 2 h and is halo-tolerant as it retained 70% original activity in the presence of 2.5 M sodium chloride at $30^{\circ}C$ after 2 h incubation.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

The applicability of arrowroots as materials for paper manufacture was investigated by evaluating the characteristics of arrowroots pulping and pulps, and the surface characteristics of paper made of arrowroots. The results is as follows. The yield of grounded pulp, alkaline pulp, grounded bleach pulp, and alkaline bleach pulp are 98.0%, 37.7%, 84.8%, and 32.5%, respectively. The extraction components in arrowroot's fibers was shown high in 1%-NaOH extraction. The amount of holocellulose and lignin were largely decreased, but a slight decrease was shown in the bleaching processes. Many shivers were shown in the grounded fibers. The amount of shivers was decreased and the single fibers were increased during the process of bleaching. The alkaline pulp and the alkaline bleach pulp showed high in the beating time and freeness than the grounded pulp and grounded bleach pulp. The conditions of sheet surface according to beating time is effected largely by the conditions of original pulp.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2014

This study has attempted to figure out the effects of the surface heat of perm rods on hair. For this, after forming perm waves, hair damage and its causes have been investigated with a different hair bleach method. If hair was bleached immediately without shampooing after a perm using the heat of rods, great perm waves were formed. However, severe damage was found on the hair because of the heated rods. In addition, when hair was shampooed and dried after the perm, hair bleach was more effective. It has been confirmed that hair was damaged because of high temperature of the surface of the rods. In fact, the heated rods had a direct effect on hair damage. According to these results, it has been confirmed that heat-based perms can accelerate hair damage. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a study on the minimization of the heating of permanent tools.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.1085-1092
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• 2002

Changes in laundering habits and the efficacy claims made for oxygen bleach added to detergents necessitate a deeper investigation into the testing of the washing efficacy of detergents and washing process. The effect of the addition of a sodium percarbonate and bleach activator TAED to an enzyme containing detergent on the soil removal and antimicrobial properties were investigated with the measuring of residual H$_2$O$_2$. The addition of sodium percarbonates to enzyme containing detergent lowered the soil removal of EMPA 116 cloth. But sodium percarbonates had greater effects on that of colored stained cloths such as EMPA 115 and artificially soiled with wine and red pepper while they were presoaked at 20$^{\circ}C$ or higher for So minutes or longer. Most of hydrogen peroxide was remained after washing. Over 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus on the cotton cloth was removed in every washing solutions, but the cloth washed with enzyme containing detergent or detergent with oxygen bleach didn't show the antimicrobial property.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2008

Not all types of soil occurring on household fabrics can be removed by simple washing with normal surfactants. In order to achieve a satisfactory cleaning effect, an additional treatment step, called bleaching, is required in such cases. Currently, the best known bleach activator is tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED). In this study, we synthesized a novel organic bleach activator (OBA), decanoyloxyethoxycarbonyloxybenzenesulfonate. For stabilizing the OBA, it was coated with zeolite and polyethylene glycol. It is found that the stability was enhanced and OBA shows good cleansing and bleaching effects even in cold water ($20^{\circ}C$). OBA also shows easy biodegradability with 88% in the condition of OECD standard. During the cleansing process, OBA shows excellent microbiological effect against T. mentagrophytes and S. aureus.