• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.512-515
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to obtain informations about variation of anthocyanin content within black-seeded soybean testa according to cultivation and harvest time. Three varieties, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Geomjeongkong 2, Tawonkong were tested in this experiment. Seeds were planted on April 15 (early planting), May 15 (optimum planting), and June 15 (late planting), respectively. Harvest time was R6 (full seed), R7 (physiological maturity), and R8 (harvest maturity), respectively. The content of delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G), and total anthocyanin (TA) had all increased gradually from April 15 to June 15 as well as R6 to R8. There was no varietal difference in D3G, but C3G and TA of Geomjeongkong 2 were higher than other two varieties. Pt3G was the highest Tawonkong of varieties. The value of L as anthocyanin color difference had gradually decreased from April 15 to June 15 and R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 among three varieties was the lowest. The value of a was the highest on May 15 and increased gradually from R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 was the lowest. The value of b was the highest on June 15 as late planting and was the highest Geomjeongkong 2 of varieties. The value of b had increased gradually from R6 to R8. D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA contents showed mutually high positive correlation and these four characters were represented high negative correlation with L value but showed high positive correlation with a and b values. The value of L showed high negative correlation with a and b values. The value of a showed high positive correlation with b value.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

Cultured juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schiegeli as a seed for sen ranching project were compared with the similar size of wild fish. Wild fish were analyzed and compared with cultured fish in body indices, and moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids and various minerals in the whole-body of juvenile rockfish from three different populations. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the moisture, crude lipid, and ash in the whole-body of fish among three different populations; the moisture content of wild fish was higher than that of both cultured fish. The lipid content in wild and tank cultured fish was lowest and highest, respectively; The lipid content of fish cultured in embanked system was intermediate values. The condition factor (CE), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPE) of fish cultured in tank system and embanked system were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of wild fish. But fish cultured in tank system produced similar intestinosomatic index (ISI) and muscle ratio (MR) values as the wild fish. There were significant differences in asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine of whole-body fish cultured by different methods; the wild fish was highest in these amino acids, followed by fish cultured in embanked system and then fish cultured in tank system. There were also significant differences in Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn of whole-body fish cultured by different methods: wild fish and fish cultured in tank system produced highest in Ca, P, Mg, Zn and lowest in Mn, respectively. There were significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids, several minerals, CE, HSI, UE, and ISI among the three juvenile populations; whole-body of wild fish showed higher in moisture, ash, asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, Iysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn than fish cultured in embanked system, while they showed lower in the rest of the nutritious parameters studied.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2018

The Purple pericarp (Prp) trait is a trait often bred for in black rice. Generally, the Prp trait is displayed in the color variations of seeds following the 9:3:4 purple, brown, and white ratio, respectively. The Prp trait is a recessive epistasis of two gene interactions; however, it is caused by the two complementation genes Pb and Pp. Here we present a study of the genetic characteristics of the Prp trait using an $F_1$ hybrid with a Pbpb Pppp genotype. This hybrid generated four seed colors with the following numbers: 3 dark purple, 6 medium purple, 3 brown, and 4 white (or 9 purple, 3 brown, and 4 white). However, further biochemical analysis of the all progenies divided them into two groups. One group had the Pb_ Pp_ allelic constitutions and contained cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in both the dark purple or medium purple seeds. The other group, however, was absent of C3G in both the brown and white seeds, resulting in a ratio of 9:7, respectively. This segregation revealed the extended Mendelian 9:7 ratios of the complementary gene interactions with a good fitness in ${\chi}^2$ analysis. Further analysis revealed that brown seeds with the Pb_ pppp genotype corresponded with a null C3G, indicating that the Brown pericarp trait in rice is caused by a dominant allele of the Pb gene. Therefore, we conclude that the production of C3G is a main phenotype of the black and purple colored rice in the Prp trait, and it is governed by the complementary gene interactions between Pb and Pp genes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1973

The results of ground vegetation experiment conducted at completely denuded forestland in the mudstone region are summerized as follows: On the reaults of soiling quantity the effect of soiling was observed where depth of soiling over 10 cm was practiced, and a plot where treated with 15cm soiling and without fertilizer showed poor growth and it was even worser than the plot where soiling was practiced only 1 cm in thikness but applied adequate amount of fertilizers. The depth of slits between 30cm and 40cm showed no significant difference in the effect. A plot where covered with vegetation bag showed somewhat better results in seed loss and early growth but no differences observed in the fall result over the none covered plot. And then, it is recommendable to have soiling over 10cm in thikness with slit of 30cm and 30cm in depth and to apply 30 gram of fertilizer (22;22:11, 50 gram) per slit. On various soiling materials trial there were no striking differences in the effect of soiling between weathered granite soil, wheathered tuffs soil and weathered mudstone soil. In the treatment with various green materials, a plot treated with straw mat showed a significant difference at 1 percent. The results show that weathered mudstone soil is effective to use as soiling materials and straw mat treatment was better. On forest fertilization trial, in the mudstone region where red and black pine trees already existing at a rate of 2,000-3,000 trees per hectare had applied 110kg of compound fertilizers (9:12:3 and 22:22:11) per hectare basis in terms of plant nutrient. As a result, the difference in effect between the compound fertilizers was not found however the leaf color and leaf length of the fertilizer added plot showed darker and longer at 30 percent over the no fertilizer received plot. Compound fertilizers, 14:37:12 and 9:12:3 were applied to alder trees at a rate of 20 gram and 40 gram per tree in terms of plant nutrient and a remarkable growth accelerantion was observed where 40 grams of plant nutrient applied. The effect difference between the compound fertilizers was not found. On investigation of tree root elongation, forty years old red pine trees showed only 15cm tap root elongation through mudstone while black pine had 23 cm tap root elongation. The total length of supporting root elongtion of red and black pines showed 20 and 13 meters, respectively. The tap roots of Black locusts were not able to elongate through mudstone, however, the supporting roots tended to develop to the underneath of pine tree where some moisture content is available. Black locusts And grown on the residual soil of mudstone normally die between 8 to 10 years. The red pine trees show flat in tree shape while black pine had triangle in the shape. With the results it can be said that in an artificial reforestation in denuded forest land of the mudstone region the adequate slit and enough amount of fertiliizer application must be provided for the succesful performance of the program. On integrated experimental results of 1972. for the establishment of ground vegetation on the completely denuded forest land in mudstone region, soiling could be effectively practiced with weathered mudstone soil and it would not specially necessiate to have either weathered granite or tuffssoil for the soiling. And the soiling depth should be more than 10 cm in thickness. Among green materials used the straw mat proved to be the most effective reatment. Three major factors which enable to establish ground vegetation by the shortest period of time: A. Physical improvement of soil is necessary to breakdown of the horizontal cracks sushas Slit, contour line plot, seeding hole and etc., and soiling with weathered mudstone soil. B. Chemical improvement of soil: is needed sufficient amount of fertilizer application 300~400kg ha, $N+P_2O_5+K_2O$), and increased production of ground covering and expedite resolution of the vegetation (ground vegetation, fallen leaves and twigs). C. Complete establishment of the basic structure for the erosion control (Prevention of surface soil erosion)

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2013

The objective of this research was to understand herbicidal activity of essential oils isolated from leaves of pine (Pinus densiflora), nut pine (Pinus koraiensis), larch (Larix kaempferi) and khingan fir (Abies nephrolepsis) in Korea. In a seed bioassay, essential oils of nut pine, larch and khingan fir inhibited the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings by 50% at 4,766, 1,865, $5,934{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, respectively, however, that of pine did not show any herbicidal effect. In a green house experiment, fall panicum, Southern crabgrass, sorghum, barnyardgrass, quackgrass, black nightshade, Indian jointvetch, velvet leaf, and Japanese morningglory were controlled in 24 hours by the foliar application of 10% essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir. The treated plant parts showed burndown effect, however, new shoots appeared 3 days after treatment. Results of GC-MS analysis showed that essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir contained 16, 25, 25, and 16 compounds, respectively, with hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The major compounds of the essential oils were 3-carene, bornyl acetate, camphene, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-phellandrene.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1994

Eight varieties of soybeans grown in Korea were investigated to compare chemical composition, protein dispersibility index (PDI) and some properties of soybean sprouts and tofu. The range of protein contents was $37.80{\sim}40.43%$ where the Kyungdong 3 was the highest and Suwon 157 was the lowest, while the Bokwang was the lowest in lipid contents. The range of PDI was $71.6{\sim}95.3%$ where the Kyungdong 3 was the highest and Suwon 162 was the lowest. The Kyungdong 3, Suwon 160 and Suwon 162 were significantly fast in growth rate of soybean sprout roots and the 100% of germination. The Kyungdong 3 was the highest in tofu yield and Suwon 146 was the highest in hardness. The organoleptic properties of tofu showed that $L{\times}2.3$ and Suwon 162 was relatively high in cooked beany odor, while the Suwon 146 were the highest in elasticity and hardness. Even though Kyungdong 3 was found as the best for tofu and soybean sprouts processing, the black color of seed coat affected negatively on tofu color.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 2007

Occurrence of popcorn disease on mulberry fruits was surveyed in several locations in Korea from 2005 to 2007. The diseased fruits turned grayish white and changed to hard and black sclerotia during overwintering after falling onto the ground. Apothecia produced from overwintered sclerotia in the fields of mulberry trees were observed in early May. Two types of apothecia were produced from the sclerotia, which were cup-shaped or club-shaped. The fungus with cup-shaped apothecia was identified as Ciboria shiraiana, and that with club-shaped apothecia as Scleromitrula shiraiana. C. shiraiana occurred at the ratio of about 6 vs. 4 in the fields. Occurrence of the disease differed remarkably depending on years, locations, and varieties of mulberry trees investigated. Field survey of the disease incidence showed that Baekhahyeongsang, Dahojosaeng, Hasusang, a native variety and Sawonppong 22 were resistant to the disease, Cheongilppong, Daeseongppong, Guksang 20 and Turkey-D were moderately susceptible, and Cateneo, Moreji and Sanggwa were highly susceptible. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with nonwoven fabrics or plastic films was much lower than that in the non-mulched fields. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with rice straws was similar to that in the non-mulched fields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.361-364
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• 2016

Waterbirds using rice fields has increased due to a decline of natural wetlands. The rice field is an essential habitat to supports the waterbird population. Although use of rice field by waterbirds has been widely documented, little information is available on distribution patterns of waterbirds under the pesticide use in rice fields. The current study conducted to understand the relationship between habitat use by waterbirds and pesticide applicatioins in rice fields. We monitored the distribution of waterbirds at Daeho reclaimed area in July 2013 to June 2014 and September 2014 to August 2015. As a results, three heron species (Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus and Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia) are more sensitive to pesticides use than other waterbird species in rice fields. Future studies are necessary to explore the relationship between bird's distribution and management practices including pesticide use at different spatiotemporal scales.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1994

Acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines of S, ptycanthum were isolated by stepwise selection using suspension culture. Growth of unselected line was completely inhibited at $0.5\;\mu\textrm{M}$, while some selected lines grew at $8\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen. After subculturing on acifluorfen-free medium for 4 passages, six of the eleven cell lines screened and maintained their tolerance to $2\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen. The regeneration capacity of selected cell lines in Solanum ptycanthum differed depending on the tell line. The acifluorfen tolerance of the somarclones regenerated from acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines differed depending on the somarclone. When plants were heated with $16\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen, unselected control plane had over 75% phytotoxicity Many selected cell lines had less phytotoxicity than the seed-grown control plants. Tolerance to acifluorfen was inherited to the self-pollinated progenies. The inheritance patterns differed depending on the clone. Acifluorfen tolerance was inherited as a semidominant trait. Other segregation patterns were also observed. acifluorfen tolerance was recessive and acifluorfen sensitivity was dominant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.195-199
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• 2011

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) is one of the most important crops to the fresh vegetable market and the food processing industry. To evaluate genetic variation in tomato fruits, major characteristics such as soluble solids, acidity and carotenoid contents were analyzed for 771 genetic resource lines. Lines in red color was about 85% which is the largest one followed by peach color, yellow, green, orange, and black. The sweetness of juice ranged from 2.2 to 11.5% (in brix), the average being 5.6%. The acidity ranged from 0.124% to 1.665%, and the average was 0.881%. The lycopine contents was up to 80.4 ${\mu}g/g$, and 43.4 ${\mu}g/g$ in average. ${\beta}$-carotine ranged 1.8 to 48.8 ${\mu}g/g$ and it average was 10.8 ${\mu}g/g$. Statistical analysis indicates that there is coefficient of correlation between acidity and sweetness, acidity and pH, pH and lycopine, lycopine and ${\beta}$-carotine. It is expected that the result of this study can be used for breeding more competitive species with respect to contents in sugar or functional chemicals from the selected characteristic species.