• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.7
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• pp.171-191
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• 2016

Lady Han, Gongshin-buin(恭愼夫人韓氏: 1410~1483) was Gongnyeo of Ming emperor and sister of Han Hwak(韓確:1400~1456). The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristic of costume presents for Lady Han, and to investigate a part of Joseon women's attire in the 15th century. Most of the presents for Lady Han were native products of Joseon to help alleviate her homsickness, but surviving relics are very rare. The costume-related presents included daily accessories and fabrics such as natural ornaments, embroidered pouch, needle case, wig, wooden comb, portable knife with multi-blades, various colored plain silk [綿紬] and ramie. Also, preceding research analysis of costume relic were combined with study of presents for Lady Han's. The most salient costume of Joseon women in the 15th century was the symmetric collared jacket. In addition, ornamented jeogori, pouch with pine nut stitch, chima, jangot, jangsam, black veil[羅兀] made with ra or jeung, glass beads, paintings of Ming and Joseon can be references. Illustrations show 6 representative type of Joseon women's full attires in the 15th century are as follows. First, is a combination of 'symmetric collared jacket with peacock rank badge, jeoksam, chima, underwear' and 'hoa-a, janga-a, embroidered pouch, needle case, knife with multi-blades: presents for Lady Han'. Second, formal wear focusing on symmetric collared Jacket of cloud pattern. Third, formal wear focusing on multicolor ornamented jeogori. Fourth, town wear with jangot and neoul. Fifth, formal wear with jangsam. Sixth, daily wear focusing on banbi with symmetric squre collar. Accessories and underwear shown in another illustration were same as the first illustration. Results of this study can be used as content for making historically accutate costumes as well as costume education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation and soil characteristic, and ordination between Calanthe discolor and C. sieboldii population, Jeju Island. The C. discolor population was classified into Cryptomeria japonica dominant population, Miscanthus sinensis dominant population, and C. discolor typical population. The C. discolor population was located in elevation of 156m to 430m, and C. sieboldii was located in elevation of 424m to 604m in Jeju Island. In the study sites, soil organic matter, nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH were 30.05~53.58%, 0.74~1.64%, 0.80~1.95cmol$^+$/kg, 4.35~22.53cmol$^+$/kg, 4.00~6.63cmol$^+$/kg, 25.60~51.33cmol$^+$/kg, and 4.83~5.70, respectively. C. discolor population was found in the low elevation and steep sloped area that has less organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity than C. sieboldii population. C. discolor typical population was found in the high elevation area that has more organic matter and total nitrogen in the C. discolor. Miscanthus sinensis dominant population was found in the shade of west direction of japanese black pine. C. sieboldii was found in a high elevation and a gentle sloped area that has high percentage organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.309-315
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• 1990

This study was carried out to observe the effects of two soil mixtures, various nitrogen levels, and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of 1-year-old Pinus thunbergil seedlings in pots. The seedlings were treated with various combinations of above factors and grown one more year in pots. 1. Number of short roots, mycorrhizal short roots, height growth, and total dry weight were higher in vermiculite than in sandy loam. 2. 2-year-old P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius mycorrhizal fungi showed significant increase in primary lateral roots, short roots, and total dry weight than those of uninoculated seedlings. 3. The growth of 2-year-old P. thunbergii seedlings was affected by infection with mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fertilization of precious year.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.251-260
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• 1996

The effect of forest fire on soil microarthropod fauna was investigated in the Inhoo Park, located at Deokjin-gu, Chonju city, where fire burned about 2 hectares on April 5, 1994. Vegetation of the area was covered with mixed forest such as 20 to 30 year old black locust, alder, and pine gree, etc., and also rich in understory plants, dead leaves, twigs, etc. The soil samples were taken from burnt soil and near-by control site on April 10, June 6 and Oct. 22 in 1994, and June 26, 1995. Soil microarthropods were extracted using Tullgren apparatus for 72 hours. Soil microarthropods collected in this experiment were 8, 013 at control and 3, 805 at the burnt site making a total of 11, 818 from 5 classes. Therefore, appearance of microarthropods was reduced to 52.5% at burnt site. Dominant animal groups were Acari (45%) and collembola (46%). The reduced rate of soil animal density by fire damage was 52.5% of the total soil microarthropods accounting 36% in Acari and 70% in collembola. The reduction of soil animal density by fire was 65.3% by habitat destruction and 51.7% by diret shock from fire heat. In Collembola, 89% was reduced by habitat destruction. Oribatid mites collected at sample plots included 29 families, 47 genera and 58 species. Forty-two species at burnt site and 47 species at unburnt site were identified, of these 32 being common species at both sites. The density ratio of soil animals at the burnt sites and those at unburnt sites was 38.6% va 61.4% resulting in 37% reduction due to fire. The dominant species with more than 5% in relative density were Trichogalumna nipponica (7.3%) and Eremobelba japonica (5.8%) at unburnt site, shereas 5 species including Eohypochthonius crassisetiger (8.5%) at the burnt site. The number of these species were 32.1% of total number. MGP analysis based on the number of oribatid mites indicated GP type at both unburnt and burnt sites, revealing domination of the P group in oribatid mites.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2021

Various types of wooden relics are being unearthed following the full-scale excavation in Wolseong palace site, Gyeongju in Korea. In particular, a large number of relics were found in the moat surrounding the Wolseong Fortress. This study attempted to secure basic data on the shields of the Silla era through species identification, radiocarbon dating, and shape analysis of the two wooden shields excavated from the Wolseong moat. As a result of the radiocarbon dating, it was confirmed that the shields were made of wood procured in the period between the mid-4th century and the early 5th century. The species identification confirmed that the body of the relic was made with Pinus soft pine group and the handle with Zelkova serrata. It was also confirmed that the excavated wooden shield was made by first marking a thin line on a flat grain board, then marking double concentric circles and perforating small holes. The distance between the division lines is constant at about 6cm, and spaces between them are colored in red and black. The shape analysis estimated that two artifacts were more than 50cm and 36cm in width, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 1998

To obtain basic information for establishing a pest control strategy for insect pest management system, changes in the population densities of the black-tipped sawfly(Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura) and damage patterns in tree growth were investigated in national forests in Hoigok-ri, Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi-do, where the pest control measures were taken. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The larval density in the soil of the forests where the insecticides were applied have been kept below economic threshold for about 7 years. The density was the highest in the middle of slopes and similar to the level of the early stage of the insect outbreak. 2. After the pest control by insecticides, reduction in tree height and diameter growth lasted for 2-3 years in trees defoliated by over 70%. 3. The diameter growth of the trees damaged by black-tipped sawfly recovered faster in upper stem than in the lower. 4. volume growth of the trees defoliated over 70% by the insect decreased for three to four years. The volume loss of trees defoliated by 70% and 90% was 19.6% and 54.0%, respectively. 5. Maintaining the rate of defoliation below 50%, which is the economic threshold, by chemical control measures had an effect of reducing the tree volume loss by $40m^2/ha$ as compared with a stand defoliated by 90%.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

To examine the materials, production techniques, and key features of Goryeo wooden lacquerwares, scientific analysis was conducted on six relevant lacquerware items. All of the items, except for a lacquered bowl ^{duksu 4123}, were found to have been made by first covering the surface of the wood with cloth and then varnishing with lacquer. The wooden frames of flower-shaped lacquered case and pine leaves shape lacquered case were made by wrapping thin wood around either the lid or bottom panel. In most cases, microscopic analysis revealed a lower layer of lacquer mixed with bone ash and bone dust, followed by an upper varnish layer of lacquer. SEM-EDS analysis and μ-XRF ^{Micro-X-ray Fluorescence} analysis showed that vermilion lacquer mixed with cinnabar was used on the surface. A lid decorated with a dot pattern was made by first varnishing the surface with yellow lacquer mixed with orpiment, and then irregular dot pattern with a mixture of black lacquer and soot. The vermilion lacquer used to varnish the side of the lacquered bowls was composed of lacquer mixed with cinnabar and minium ^{Red Lead}.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.10
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• pp.43-61
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• 2009

The Buyeo National Museum was requested conservation treatment for wooden objects excavated from three Baekje archeological sites: Neungsan-ri, Ssangbuk-ri, and Gungnamji Pond. Prior to conservation treatment, analysis was conducted to identify the species used. The results of the analysis revealed wood from diverse species of trees including Hard pine, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Zelkova serrata Makino, Quercus spp., Platycarya strobilaceae S. et Z., Castanea spp., Torreya nucifera S. et Z., Taxus cuspidata S. et Z., and Salix spp. A high percentage of the objects were made of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don., a species native to Japan, which indicates that exchange with Japan was active at that time. Among the wooden objects, we analyzed lacquer fragments from six pieces of lacquerware, and the characteristics of the lacquer fragments were peculiar to specific artifacts. Most of the fragments were thicker than 100 ㎛. Pure lacquer and mixed black pigment were used. Infrared spectroscopy of the lacquered wooden fragments revealed that they had a very similar absorption band as refined lacquer, confirming that they were painted with lacquer. For their conservation, we immersed the objects in a high molecular weight aqueous solution of PEG#3,350 (10% → 50%) to strengthen them before vacuum freeze-drying.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2014

Scale insects heavily damaged many agricultural crops and trees in urban and forest areas. This study was conducted to carry out alternative control methods for environmentally friendly control of scale insects. Hot water extract of Quisquali indica produced high mortality against the black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae in previously experiment. Methanol extract obtained from fruit of Q. indica was successively fractionated using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, buthanol and water which were examined by exposing for their insecticidal activity against four Cocoidea species (Eriococcus lagerstroemiae, Ceroplastes japonicus, Crisicoccus pini and Planococcus citri) in laboratory. Hexane fraction gave the highest insecticidal activity against scale insect pest. GC-mass analysis confirmed that the main compounds of Q. indica were alpha-pinene, methyl palmitate, eugenol, methyl myristate, phthalic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester and palmitic acid. Among those compounds, ${\alpha}$-pinene was included 10 hexane subfractions. $LC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-pinene was 0.0114 ppm against 2nd instar of E. lagerstroemiae. These results suggest that Q. indica extracts might be used as an alternative control agent of scale insects.