• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 2006

This essay has attempted to document the actual behavior patterns and the social networks related to the child delivery in the pre-industrial Korean society. We interviewed 30 women who had given birth to their first child during the 1930s and the 1940s in order to accumulate data related to son-prayer rites, prenatal care and food avoidance, sacred-string culture, and other incantation rituals. The characteristics of the social relationships with the person who had assisted the delivery and the recovery were also analyzed in terms of kinship networks. The results are as follows. First, there was a big gap between knowledge and the actual practices in birth rituals and customs. We assume that this is due to the adverse social-economic conditions at that time which may have restricted the actual performances of these customs. Second, there were almost no differences of the performance of these' birth customs between the urban areas and the rural areas. Third, the people who assisted the delivery were women who were mostly from the husband's family. Help from the wife's family were quite exceptional. Finally, it has been found out that only about half of the women who were interviewed performed the well-known custom of three-week after-birth confinement.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-279
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• 2016

In the modern society, social activities of married women are increasing along with the economic growth, which leads to low birth rates of the situation where most people give birth to only one or two children. Korea in particular records one of the lowest birth rates among many other nations of the world. Despite the situation where overall industrial consumer economy is not good, baby goods market is becoming more luxurious and diversified, and its scale is also growing. Desires of young parents in their 20s and 30s for their children leads to consumption desires of luxurious baby goods, and despite the fact that their taste level rises by easily gaining access to immense baby information via the Internet, our nation's baby furniture market is unreasonably lacking the ability to satisfy the needs of such consumers. Furniture culture of our nation today is based on the stand-up culture of the West. However, analyzing the life culture inside our homes, stand-up and sit-down cultures of the West and the East are coexisting complexly. Such life pattern can be more easily found in households with babies. As such, baby furniture that satisfies our unique life culture and has quality, design and price competitiveness is desperately needed. In such market state, this study is expected to make economic and cultural accomplishments by focusing on the newly embossing baby furniture market and developing products, delivering them to consumers to open new markets and developing into an industry.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.67-76
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• 2011

This study had two goals: 1) to explore generational differences in traditional family rituals and 2) to investigate the association between family values and family rituals. Using survey data from 500 married men and women in their 20s to 60s, we classified three generations: 1) 1941-1950 birth cohort (aged 59-68), 2) 1951-1970 birth cohort (aged 39-58), and 3) 1971 and later cohort (aged 38 or less). These generations represented post-colonialism, modernization, and the information era in Korea, respectively. The results demonstrated that birth-related traditional family rituals had been maintained across the generations. Ancestor worship was less likely to be observed by later generations. Further, the way in which family values was associated with family rituals differed across the generations, indicating that traditional family values had different influences on everyday family life culture across generations.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.295-307
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• 1992

In order to study the differentiation of the epithelial cells during the development of fetal rat lung tissue, histological changeB in organotypic culture and in vivo were examined. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analvre the histological change in rat lung from the 15th nary of gestation to the 111th nary after birth. In organotypic culture system, the pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1. During deveiopment of lung, the glandular stage lasted from the Isth day to the lsth naut of gestation; the canalicular stage from the 17th nay to the 19th naut of gestation; the saccuiar stage from 20th nary to the birth. Alveolar stage was observed at the 3rd nary of postnatal rat lung. 2. In organotvpic culture of fetal rat lung cells organized alveolar-like structures resembling those of in uiuo state were observed on the gelatin matrix. In contrast with in vivo state, fetal lung cells formed group of type ll pneumocytes predominently along the contours of the matrix. These cells have large apical surface, short microvilli and secreted materials which may be sunactant. These results suggested that an orsanotypic culture retaining epithelial- -mesenchvmal relationships is appropriate culture model to study the pulmonary epithelial cell (especially type ll pneumocvte) differentation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.137-148
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• 2005

This study compared one-child households' economic structures between those who determined not to have more children and those who have a birth plan. This study examined the demographic characteristics and economic variables such as income, consumption expenditures, assets. debt, and a subjective evaluation of future economic status. Especially, it compared the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child between low-fertility and birth-planned households. From a questionnaire completed by a husband or wife of one-child households, 154 low-fertility households and 201 birth-planned households were obtained. A t-test, chi-square test, multiple regression analysis and a dummy variable interaction technique were used. The findings of this study are as follows: First, low-fertility households were older, had higher income, and had more educated, employed wives. Their marital duration was longer, and their child was older than those of birth-planned households. Second, low-fertility households had higher consumption expenditures than did birth-planned households. Especially, expenditures of apparel and shoes, health care, education, and entertainment were significantly higher for low-fertility households. Also, low-fertility households spent more than did birth-planned households on a child. However, low-fertility households had significantly more debt than did their counterparts, and their expectation level of future economic status were lower than that of birth-planned households. Third, the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child were different between low-fertility and birth-planned households. Age, education level, husband's occupation, wife's employment status, income, net asset, and subjective evaluation of future economic status showed significant differences. Income elasticity of expenditure on a child was significantly higher for low-fertility households than their counterparts.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2001

Since the first birth of pig derived from embryonic cells by nuclear transfer, many researches to produce cloned pig have been carried out. Recently, two reports about the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vivo oocytes and also Betthauser et al. (2000) reported the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vitro oocytes. So here we investigated the effect of activation method and culture medium on in vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryo using fetal fibroblast. Oocytes derived from slaughter house obtained ovaries were matured for 42 to 44 h in TCM 199. Matured oocytes were denuded using 0.1% hyaluronidase and then Oocytes with the first polar body were used for enucleation by aspirating the first polar body and adjacent cytoplasm in TCM 199 supplemented with 7.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ cytochalasin B. Petal fibroblast cells were prepared from 35 days old fetus. To be used as donor cells, fetal fibroblast cells were serum starved for 3 to 5 days and then isolated into single co:1 by trypsinization. Nuclear transfer embryos were fused using 2 times 1.25㎸ for 30$mutextrm{s}$. Fused NT embryos were activated with calcium ionophore (CI) and 6-dimethyl-aminopurine (6-DMAP). Activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3 for 6 days. There was no significant difference between chemical activation and no chemical activation for blastocyst development rate(11.6 vs. 14.8%). However, cell number was significantly higher when NT embryos were activated with CI and 6-DMAP (31.2 vs. 22.6). When NT embryos were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3, blastocyst development rate was 16.4 and 13.2%, respectively, and cell number was 31.5 and 24.1, respectively. These results suggest that chemical activation after fusion and culture in NCSU 23 could increase cell number of porcine NT embryos.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.39
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• pp.127-152
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• 2015

This thesis comparatively looks into folklore faiths, expecially child-birth gods related to child-birth customs and aims to find out both nations' faith in child-birth gods and their features. It looks into birth gods protecting delivering mothers and babies by appearing at the delivery sites at time of delivery and child-rearing gods intervening in growth of babies after they are born. In both nations, many gods are believed in for selection of babies, safe delivery and their healthy growth but those appearing at delivery sites are only birth goddesses called Samsinhalmony and Obugami. What make this phenomenon appear in both nations' folklore faiths? Seeing the reason in the fact that common negative concept regarding childbirth exists in both nations' established faiths, the writer comparatively analyzed various cases of delivery-related defilement in both nations' delivery customs. Its result showed that Japan is stronger in delivery-related defilement concept than Korea is. For instance, Japan regard child birth-related defilement more horrible than that related to funeral. Pursuantly, in Japan stricter regulations on childbirth rooms and stricter taboos for babies have been passed down. Besides, in the process of its comparative study on both nations' divine images and appearances, the writer paid attention to the fact that unlike Japan's mountain gods and restroom goddesses appearing at delivery sites, they don't get involved in childbirth in Korea and discussed Japan's theory of reincarnation and its mountain goddess' marginal nature working behind the curtain. I also discussed the phenomenon that both nations' childbirth gods are passed down as Three gods, which means that their faith in childbirth gods has to be seen as a result of the faith in childbirth gods interacting with the faith in Three gods or the Three-gods theory, accordingly I indicated that it is worth re-consideration to see the Three-God Theory as the core of the faith in Samsinhalmoni. Lastly, though in both nations' childbirth faith underlies their fear for divine beings, the faith in childbirth gods, strongly coupled with death heritages, is distributed throughout the nation, which is because Japan's childbirth gods intervening in birth and growth of a new life also actually involve themselves deeply in the sphere of death as well.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2018

A rapid decrease of total fertility rate to 1.08 in 2005 prompted the Korean government to plan and implement a '5-year plan for ageing society and population policy' starting from 2006. The 1st and 2nd 5-year plans had not shown any discernible impact on the fertility and the 3rd 5-year plan was launched in 2016. However, the fertility rate is going down further. The author reviewed the contents and assessment reports of the fertility promotion plan to suggest ideas for complementing the shortcomings of it. Author defined the major determinants of marriage and child birth as philosophy, politics, sense of value, social norm, culture, healthcare, and education. The plan was examined in view of these determinants. Transformation of Korea from an agricultural society to an industrialized society in a short period of time had brought about changes in most of the determinants of marriage and child birth; in particular philosophy and sense of value. These aspects were not put into consideration in the plan. Author suggested to launch a social education program for the general public to establish a sound philosophy of life, reform the sense of value on family, child birth and education, and cultivate the skill to draw a consensus through discussions on the social issues. A special program to promote marriage of women at the optimum age for child birth was proposed. The government should implement well balanced policy for economic development and labor. Multidisciplinary approach was recommended for these tasks.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2017

Purpose: Although procalcitonin (PCT) level is useful for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, PCT reliability is inconsistent because of the varied conditions encountered in neonatal intensive care units. This study aimed to investigate PCT levels and factors influencing increased PCT levelin newborns without bacterial infection during the first week of life. Methods: In newborns hospitalized between March 2013 and October 2015, PCT levels were measured on the first, third, and seventh days after birth. Newborns with proven bacterial (blood culture positive for bacteria) or suspicious infection (presence of C-reactive protein expression or leukocytosis/leukopenia) were excluded. Various neonatal conditions were analyzed to identify the factors influencing increased PCT level. Results: Among 292 newborns with a gestational age of $35.2{\pm}3.0$ weeks and a birth weight of $2,428{\pm}643g$, preterm newborns (n=212) had higher PCT levels than term newborns (n=80). Of the newborns, 7.9% had increased PCT level (23 of 292) on the firstday; 28.3% (81 of 286), on the third day; and 3.3% (7 of 121), on the seventh day after birth. The increased PCT level was significantly associated with prenatal disuse of antibiotics (P=0.004) and surfactant administration (P<0.001) on the first day after birth, postnatal use of antibiotics (P=0.001) and ventilator application (P=0.001) on the third day after birth, and very low birth weight (P=0.042) on the seventh day after birth. Conclusion: In newborns without bacterial infection, increased PCT level was significantly associated with lower gestational age and respiratory difficulty during the first week of life. Further studies are needed for clinical applications.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to produce calves derived from in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured follicular oocytes. Oocytes aspirated from small antral folicles of ovaries obtained at a local slaughter house were matured and fertilized in vitro. At l8hrs after insemination with Korean native cattle semen, oocytes were co-cultured for 6~7 days by utilizing co-culture system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell. After co-culture, good or excellent quality late morulae or early blastocysts were selected by morphological criteria under stereo microscope. Selected embryos were transferred to recipients on day 6 or 7 (estrus = day 0). Recipients were monitored by observation for estrus and rectal palpation after 60 days from embryo transfer. One of them went to term with the birth of a calf. This case is the first production of calf derived from in vitro fertilization in Korea.