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Growth Performance, Humoral Immune Response and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Alkali Processed Karanj Cake Incorporated Diet Supplemented with Methionine

  • Panda, K.;Sastry, V.R.B.;Mandal, A.B.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.5
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    • pp.677-681
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    • 2005
  • A study was conducted to see the effect of dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processed solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) supplemented with methionine on growth performance, humoral immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from 0 to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and twenty, day- old broiler chicks were wing banded, vaccinated against Marek' disease and distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) into 3 groups of 40 chicks each, which was further replicated to 4 and fed on diet containing soybean meal and those of test groups were fed diets containing alkali (1.5% NaOH) treated SKC partially replacing soybean meal nitrogen of reference diet (12.5%) without or with supplementation of methionine (0.2%). Individual body weight of chicks and replicate-wise feed intakes were recorded at weekly intervals throughout the experimental period. Feed consumption from 1 to 14, 28, 42 and 56 d of age was recorded for each replicate and feed conversion efficiency (weight gain/feed intake) for the respective period was calculated. Mortality was monitored on daily basis. On 28$^{th}$ day of experimental feeding, two birds of each replicate in each dietary group (8 birds/diet) were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 1.0% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the antibody titre (log 2) was measured after 5 days by the microtitre haemmagglutination procedure. After 42 days of experimental feeding, a retention study of 4 days (43-47 d) duration was conducted on all birds to determine the retention of various nutrients such as DM, N, Ca, P and GE. On 43$^{rd}$ day of experimental feeding, one representative bird from each replicate of a dietary treatment (4/dietary group) was sacrificed, after fasting for two hours with free access to water, through cervical dislocation to observe the weight of dressed carcass, primal cuts (breast, thigh, drumstick, back, neck and wing), giblet (liver, heart and gizzard), abdominal fat and digestive organs. The body weight gain of chicks fed reference diet and those fed diet incorporated with NaOH treated SKC (12.5% replacement) with or without methionine supplementation was comparable during 0 to 4 weeks of age. However, dietary incorporation of alkali processed SKC replacing 12.5% nitrogen moiety of soybean meal resulted in growth retardation, subsequently as evidenced by significantly (p<0.05) lowered body weight gain during 0 to 6 weeks of age in birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC at 6.43% without methionine as compared to those supplemented with methionine or reference diet. Dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH) processed SKC replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen in the diet of broiler chickens had no adverse effect on feed conversion ratio during all the weeks of experimental feeding. The humoral immune response (HIR) as measured by the antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was comparable among all the dietary groups. No significant difference in the intake and retention of DM, N, Ca, P or GE was noted among the chicks fed reference and alkali processed SKC incorporated diets with or without methionine supplementation. None of the carcass traits varied significantly due to dietary variations, except the percent weight of liver and giblet. The percent liver weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC as compared to that in other two groups. Thus solvent extracted karanj cake could be incorporated after alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processing at an enhanced level of 6.43%, replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen, in the broiler diets up to 4 weeks of age, beyond which the observed growth depression on this diet could be alleviated by 0.2% methionine supplementation.

Dietary corn resistant starch regulates intestinal morphology and barrier functions by activating the Notch signaling pathway of broilers

  • Zhang, Yingying;Liu, Yingsen;Li, Jiaolong;Xing, Tong;Jiang, Yun;Zhang, Lin;Gao, Feng
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.12
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    • pp.2008-2020
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    • 2020
  • Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary corn resistant starch (RS) on the intestinal morphology and barrier functions of broilers. Methods: A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments: one normal corn-soybean (NC) diet, one corn-soybean-based diet supplementation with 20% corn starch (CS), and 3 corn-soybean-based diets supplementation with 4%, 8%, and 12% corn resistant starch (RS) (identified as 4% RS, 8% RS, and 12% RS, respectively). Each group had eight replicates with eight broilers per replicate. After 21 days feeding, one bird with a body weight (BW) close to the average BW of their replicate was selected and slaughtered. The samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum digesta, and blood were collected. Results: Birds fed 4% RS, 8% RS and 12% RS diets showed lower feed intake, BW gain, jejunal villus height (VH), duodenal crypt depth (CD), jejunal VH/CD ratio, duodenal goblet cell density as well as mucin1 mRNA expressions compared to the NC group, but showed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid and butyric acid, percentage of jejunal proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and delta like canonical Notch ligand 4 (Dll4), and hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 mRNA expressions. However, there were no differences on the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactic acid concentration among all groups. Conclusion: These findings suggested that RS could suppress intestinal morphology and barrier functions by activating Notch pathway and inhibiting the development of goblet cells, resulting in decreased mucins and tight junction mRNA expression.

Landscape Gardening Culture in Late Joseon Dynasty Depicted in 'Ahoi-do' Paintings (아회도(雅會圖)에 나타난 조선후기 원림문화)

  • Lim, Eui-Je;So, Hyun-Su
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.46-57
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    • 2014
  • This study contemplated the gardening culture from the pictures, which the scholars of late Joseon Dynasty, the aspects of garden landscapes and garden use behaviors are drawn as follows. 1. The yard by the detached house for men and guest in front of the premises(Sarang Madang) and backyard were the major places for Ahoi(social gatherings of the scholars). The mansions had interests in the management of the outer garden beyond the house wall with building structures like the pavilions on the high walls and side gates. This management and the selection of location anticipating in advance of the management are noteworthy. 2. Only house gardens had plant pots with flowers and the small flower bed(Hwa-O) at Sarang Madang occasionally had plant pots without flowers and oddly shaped stone pots and equipped pine branch eaves and traditional awnings made of plant material like a trellis. 3. The oddly shaped stones were significant landscape elements in the gardens of houses and villas. Some of them were depicted as the Taihu stone and this draws attention to the question of whether the Taihu stone was actually used in the garden of late Joseon Dynasty. 4. The gardens in villas accommodated the borrowed scenery with various materials like wooden fences, bamboo or reed fences, mud walls. They also had the artificial gardens with some odd shaped stones, old pines, bamboos, Japanese apricots, willows, paulownia trees, lotuses and plantains in the secured Madangs. 5. Gyeong Hwa Sa Jog(The scholars of the ruling class adapted to the 18th century's new historical aspect) of late Joseon Dynasty built the villas at the beautiful scenery closed to the their houses. 6. The Gardens around pavilions were located high closed to the mountain streams with nature like beautiful forests, oddly formed rocks, precipitous cliffs and viewing stones. The back side of the pavilion was enclosed by bamboo forests and the front had pines, ginkgoes and willows as shade trees. 7. The beautiful scenery which was preferred as the place for Ahoi was basically with fantastic peaks and precipitous cliffs which forms the distant view harmonized with a waterfall. Broad and flat rocks at the summit of a mountain which commands a bird's-eye view or on a mountain streamside with pine forest, willows and plum trees were chosen as the optimal places for Ahoi. 8. Pine trees were presumed to be more preferable than other species in the garden, especially an single planted old pine tree accented symbolism. 9. Portable tea braziers for boiling tea were adopted in all four types of the gardens. 10. The gardens mixed with auspicious landscape elements were the places of the arts for an unworldliness Ahoi through GeumGiSeoHwa(enjoying strings, go, writing and painting) and boiling tea.

The Effects of the Transgenic Aspergillus oryzae Supplementation on Performance, Egg Quality and Intestinal Microflora of Layers (형질 전환 Aspergillus oryzae의 첨가가 산란계의 생산성, 계란 품질 및 장내 미생물 변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Jung, B.Y.;Park, S.W.;Paik, I.K.;Cho, K.J.;Lee, S.S.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.547-554
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    • 2005
  • An experiment was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of a transgenic Aspergillus oryzae(AO) culture on the performance, egg quality and intestinal microflora of layers. A total of 840 Hy-line Brown layers of 39wks old were assigned to one of the following 7 dietary treatments: control(C), C+0.2% AO culture, C+0.5% AO culture, C+0.2% transgenic AO culture, C+0.5% transgenic AO culture, C+0.2% transgenic mutant AO culture, and C+0.5% transgenic mutant AO culture. The transgenic AO was made by inserting Salmonella gallinarum gene to AO. And the transgenic mutant AO was made by inserting Salmonella gallinarum gene to mutant AO which was mutated by UV irradiation. Each treatment was replicated six times with 20 birds housed in 2 bird cage. Twenty birds units were arranged according to completely randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted for 8wks under 16 hour lighting regimen. Laying performance and egg quality were significantly(P<0.05) affected by the treatments. Transgenic AO culture supplementation at the level of 0.2% significantly increased egg production, while its egg weight was significantly decreased compared to that of the control. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio(FCR) were not significantly different among the AO treatments and the control. The eggshell strength of the AO treatments was significantly higher than that of the control. Transgenic mutant AO culture supplemented at the level of 0.5% significantly increased egg yolk color. Intestinal microflora were significantly(P<0.05) affected by the treatments. The cfu of Lactobacilli spp. significantly increased and those of Salmonella species and E. coli decreased in the AO treatments. The transgenic AO and transgenic mutant AO culture were more effective than the AO culture in reducing the cfu of Salmonella species and E. coli. It is concluded that supplementation of the transgenic AO culture at the level of 0.2% could be recommended for the improvement of egg production. Supplementation of transgenic AO or transgenic mutant AO culture at 0.2% level effectively controlled intestinal Salmonella species population.

Effect of Various β-1,3-glucan Supplements on the Performance, Blood Parameter, Small Intestinal Microflora and Immune Response in Laying Hens (β-Glucan 제제들이 산란계의 생산성, 혈액 성상과 소장내 미생물 균총 및 면역 체계에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, K.W.;Rhee, A.R.;Lee, I.Y.;Kim, M.K.;Paik, I.K.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.183-190
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding diets supplemented with ${\beta}-glucan$ products on the performance, small intestinal microflora and immune response in laying hens. The ${\beta}-glucan$ products used in the experiment were $BetaPolo^{(R)}$ ; soluble ${\beta}-glucan$ of microbial cell wall origin, $HiGlu^{(R)}$ ; microbial cell wall origin, $OGlu^{(R)}$ ; oat origin, $BGlu^{(R)}$ ; barley origin. A total of 720 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 40wks old were divided into 5 dietary treatments : T1 ; Control( C), T2 ; $BetaPolo^{(R)}$, T3 ; $HiGlu^{(R)}$, T4 ; $OGlu^{(R)}$, T5 ; $BGlu^{(R)}$. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 36 birds/replicate housed in 2 bird cages, and arranged according to completely randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 40ds under 16 h lighting regimens. There were significant differences among treatments in hen-house egg production feed intake and feed conversion. HiGlu treatment was significantly higher than OGlu treatments in hen-house egg production. ${\beta}-glucan$ supplemented treatments were lower than the control in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. All ${\beta}-glucan$ supplemented treatments were significantly higher than the control in eggshell strength. Eggshell color and Haugh unit tended to be lower in the supplemented group than the control. IgY concentration was not significantly affected by treatments. At $5^{th}$ week of experiment, however, IgY concentration tended to increase in the supplemented groups. Among the leucocytes parameters, WBC, heterophil, lymphocytes, monocyte and eosinophil concentration were lower in the supplemented groups than those of the control. Among erythrocytes, HCT(hematocrit) and MCV(mean corpuscular volume) were significantly affected by treatment. MCV of supplemented groups were higher than that of the control. Immunoglobulin concentrations in the birds were not significantly different among treatments. However, IgA concentration tended to be low in the supplemented groups than the control. The cfu of small intestinal microflora were not significantly different among treatments, but that of Cl. perfringens tended to be lower than the control. The result of this experiment indicateted that feeding ${\beta}-glucan$ to laying hens improve feed conversion ratio and eggshell strength. Also intestinal microflora and immune responses are modified.

Studies on the Anticoccidial Efficacy of an Unique Polyether Ionophorous Antibiotic, Maduramicin Ammonium in Comparison with Salinomycin Sodium and Monensin Sodium for Broiler Chicks (폴리에텔계 항생제인 Maduramicin ammonium, Salinomycin sodium 및 Monensin sodium이 육계에 있어서 항콕시듐 효능과 증체에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • 장두환;조영웅;윤희정;강세원
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.127-134
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    • 1985
  • Battery trial with 240 broiler chicks of Hubbard strain was conducted for a period of 2 weeks in order to compare the anticoccidical efficacy of polyether ionophorous antibiotics ; Maduramicin ammonium, Monensin and Salinomyc in sodium. The criteria used in these anticoccidial efficacy studies were anticoccidial index, growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, lesion score and the number of oocysts produced after artificial inoculation with 70,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella(90%) and E.necatrix (10%) to each bird. The result obtained are summarized as follow: 1. All groups medicated anticoccidial feed additives improved body weight gain and feed efficiency. However, it was found that the group medicated with Maduramicin showed better body weight gain (352.5 and 648.8 g) and feed efficiency(1.603 and 1.680) during the first and the second week experiments, 2. The mortality rate(4.2%) and lesion scores (1.72) of Maduramicin medicated group, from artificial coccidiosis were comparatively lower than those of other two medicated groups, 3. It was also found that oocyst output (0.25 ${\times}$ 10$^4$) in Maduramicin medicated group were lower than those of other two groups. 4. Anticoccidial indexes during the first week were 177.9 in Maduramicin medica-group, 158.7 in Salinomycin medicated group, 141.6 in Monensin medicated group and 78.0 in infected, nonmedicated group as compared with 200.0 in noninfected, nonmedicated group (NNC) 5. Anticoccidial indexes during the second week were 201.1 in Maduramicin group 184.0 in infected, nonmedicated group as compared with 200.0 in noninfected, nonmedicated group (NNC).

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Factors Affecting True Metabolizable Energy Determination of Poultry Feedingstuffs IV. The Effect of Protein Levels of Basal Diets on the Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy of Farrell and True Metabolizable Energy Values of Corn and Soybean Meal (양계사료의 True Metabolizable Energy 측정에 영향하는 요인에 관한 시험 IV. 기초사료의 단백수준이 옥수수와 대두백의 Corrected Apparent Metabalizable Energy of Farrell 및 True Metabolizable Energy 가에 미치는 영향)

  • 이영철
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.99-108
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    • 1984
  • The experiment was performed with the aim to study not only the effect of protein levels of basal diets on apparent and true metabolizable energy (AME and THM), AME of Farrell(AME$\_$F/), and corrected AME$\_$FC/ values of corn and soybean meal but also the effect of collection time of excreta on AME and TME values of corn and soybean meal. The AME$\_$F/ and AME$\_$FC/ values of test materials were determined through rapid AME bioassay, and AME and TME by the TME bioassay. The protein levels of basal diets had range from 10% crude protein(CP) to 30% CP. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The AME$\_$F/ values of basal diets showed much difference among treatments (P<0.05) but those of corn and soybean meal had no significant differences (P>0.05)and the AHE$\_$FC/ values of basal diets were proved to be variable according to level of protein of the diets. the AME$\_$FC/ values of com were not different while those of soybean meal in 20% and 30% were reduced significantly(P<0.05). 2. The protein intake/bird/day did not differ significantly due to variation of feed intake using rapid AME bioassay. 3. The protein levels of basal diets did not influence upon the AME value of basal diets, corn and soybean meal (P>0.05), and no clear trend was found in the TME values of corn and soybean meal because of the variation of metabolic fecal energy plus endogenous urinary energy (FEm+UEe) losses fed different diets. 4. Collection time of excreta affected the AME and TME values of basal diets in 10, 15, 20% CP treatments, but the AME and TME of corn and soybean meal were not affected by collection time; Thus, a time of 24 hours was mough for 24 hr to clean the digestive tract when fed corn and soybean meal substituted diets regardless of protein levels.

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Seroprevalance of Newcastle Disease Virus in Wild Birds in Korea (국내 야생 조류에서의 뉴캣슬병 바이러스 항체분포율 조사)

  • Choi, Kang-Seuk;Jeon, Woo-Jin;Kye, Soo-Jeong;Yoon, Soon-Seek;Jeong, Woo-Seog;Kim, Ji-Ye;Kwon, Jun-Hun
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.97-104
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    • 2012
  • Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects a variety of birds with a wide range of clinical signs from asymptomatic to severe. During a 10-month period in 2011, a total of 1,024 sera from wild birds including 42 species of birds in 8 orders were collected and the seroprevalence of NDV in wild birds was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Evidence of NDV infection was observed in 12.6% (129/1,024) of wild birds with a maximum prevalence reported in Mandarin duck (27.8%, 32/115) followed by Mallard duck (20.8%, 57/274), Spot-billed duck (11.9%, 36/303), Pintail (2.9%, 1/34), Black-tailed gull (2.9%, 1/34), White-fronted goose (1.8%, 1/56) and Common teal (1.4%, 1/69). None of the other 35 species of wild birds were antibody-positive for NDV. Mandarin duck, Mallard duck and Spot-billed duck showed high sero-prevalance of 12.2% to 42% during winter season (November to March). Our results indicate that Mandarin duck, Mallard duck and Spot-billed duck might be natural reservoirs for NDV in Korea and the prevalence of NDV infection in wild birds displayed a seasonal pattern with high prevalence of NDV in winter season (November to March).

Habitat Utilization Change of Crane Species against the Increasing Anthropogenic Structure after Released from Civilian Control Zone; CCZ in Cheorwon, Rep. of Korea (철원 민간인통제지역 해제 이후 인공시설물 증가에 따른 두루미류 분포변화)

  • Yoo, Seunghwa;Joo, Sungbae;Lee, Kisup;Kim, Suho;Kim, Dongwon;Kim, Hwajung;Kim, Jinhan
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2020
  • This study aims to evaluate the effect of artificial facilities constructed afterthe release of the civilian controlled zone (CCZ) in Cheorwon on the inhabitation of cranes. The study site was released from the CCZ in 2012, and several barns have been built since 2017. The average number of Red-crowned Cranes was 9.3±4.3 individuals (±Standard Deviation) in the period before the release of the CCZ from 2009 to 2012, and it decreased by ca. one third of Red-crowned Crane's average individuals were showing 3.5±0.5 individuals after release. The average number of White-naped Cranes also appeared to be decreased by ca. 90% from 63.3±24.6 to 6.0±6.0 individuals. This results suggest that the construction of greenhouses and barns after the releasing of the CCZ affected the decrease of the population of these two crane species. In the case of Red-crowned Crane, the core area tended to move away from the area where barns were built. However, the distribution range of Red-crowned Cranes did not change significantly we expected because the study area was not their favorite place since 2012 when the area was released from the CCZ. The density of the White-naped Crane was relatively high even in the area where greenhouses were built, but after 2017 when the barn was built intensively, core habitat of crane became shrink and fragmented. These results suggest that both Red-crowned Cranes and White-naped Cranes response sensitively against habitat change due to the construction of barns. Since the release of the CCZ, the construction of the greenhouse has been influenced on the distribution of cranes, but subsequently, the construction of the barn seems to have caused a bigger change in their core habitat because the passage of people to barns is more frequent than the greenhouses.

The Incidence of Microorganisms during the Slaughtering Process of Chicken (닭 도계공정 중의 미생물 증감 추이)

  • Cha Seong Kwan;Seo Mi Young;Kim Yoon Sook;Kim Myung Ho;Kim Yun Ji
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.335-341
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    • 2004
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological quality of poultry carcasses at different slaughtering process in large (>50,000 chicken/day) and small (<30,000 chicken/day) scale slaughtering houses. Whole bird rinse technique was used to analyze the incidence of microorganisms on poultry carcasses in each process of before visceration, after evisceration, after final wash, after main chilling and in cold room. In summer time, small scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms (10$\^$4/ CFU/mL) than those of large scale slaughterhouse (10$\^$5/ CFU/mL) at the process of after main chilling and in cold room. But small scale slaughterhouse showed higher incidence of E. coli (10$^2$-10$^4$ CFU/mL) than those of large scale slaughterhouse (10$\^$-2/ CFU/mL) at each slaughtering process observed. During autumn and winter time, small scale slaughterhouse showed similar incidence of aerobic microorganisms as large scale slaughterhouse (10$\^$5/ CFU/mL after evisceration, 10$^4$ CFU/mL after main chilling and cold storage). Samples from carcasses during autumn and winter time in cold room showed no difference in E. coli counts (10$^2$ in autumn time and 10$^3$ CFU/mL in winter time) between large and small scale slaughterhouse. In spring time, small scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms than those of large scale slaughterhouse at each slaughtering process observed except after main chilling. Small scale slaughterhouse showed higher incidence of aerobic microorganisms in final cooling water than large scale slaughterhouse during spring time.