• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.400-409
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• 2001

A method for the analysis of most common phthalate acid esters (9 secies) in biota samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode is described. Phthalates in biota samples are extracted by organic solvent and purified by Florisil column. Phthalates are easily contaminated during extraction prodedure. Since the extraction and cleanup steps for biota samples generally are more complicate than those for water or sediment samples, we compared with contamination state of each sample work-up step. By applying this developed method, the overall recoveries ranged between 79 - 117% in biota sample which was spiked with standards. For phthalates used in this study, the quantitaive accuracy, elution pattern on Florisil column, and detection limits were also investigated.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.484-493
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• 2000

The simultaneous analysis of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in biota samples was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode. The phenols were extracted from sample with organic solvent and Forisil and Silica columns for clean-up procedure were compared. Recovery studies were performed at 1-ppm level of phenols added to each biota sample. Their recoveries ranged between 83 and 116% with coefficient of variations of 2.4-11.9%. To improve the detection limits of phenols, trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization was applied. The gas chromatographic properties of free phenols and TMS derivatized phenols were also investigated.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.666-674
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• 2000

The present study describes an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in biota samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PBBs are extracted twice from 20 g samples with mixture solvent 40mL acetone and 80mL hexane using ultrasonic agitation for 20 min. Lipids in extracts are degraded by concentrated sulfuric acid and then PBBs are purified with Florisil column. The purified extracts are analyzed by GC/MS-selected ion monitoring mode for the quantitation of PBBs in biota sample. The overall recovery yields of PBBs range between 77 and 111% under these experimental conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.392-399
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• 2001

The analysis of n-butylbenzene and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) as volatile organic compounds in biota samples was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode. The target compounds, n-butylbenzene and DBCP, in biota samples were extracted by headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) with $100{\mu}m$ polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) fiber and purge & trap method. The extraction recoveries of these compounds obtained by SPME was 85.8% for n-butylbenzene and 92.4% for DBCP, respectively. Each value of method detection limit were $0.15{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.05{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. While in the case of purge & trap method, the extraction recovery was 115.2% for n-butylbenzene, 80.9% for DBCP and method detection limit were $0.04{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.70{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The extraction yields and detection limits of these compounds obtained by purge & trap were equivalent to those by SPME.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.331-346
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• 2010

Perfluorinated compounds have characteristics of resistance to heat, acidic, basic conditions and also resist water, oil, grease, pollutant. Futhermore they are used by various industrial material, nowadays, they produced in large scale for indutrial and commercial areas. However, they also resist metabolizing and degrading in environmental system (plant, animal, even human body). Moreover, in animal's bodies, PFCs can be accumulated in organ (eg; liver) and lead to liver cell necrosis even oncogenesis. Perfluorinated compounds are newly registered as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on Stockholm convention in 2009. Therefore necessity for analytical methodology for determination of PFCs in various environmental samples is even more increased. This study discussed sample preparation and instrumental conditions for the analysis of PFCs in environmental and biota samples.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.171-179
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• 2001

A new passive sampler was developed, improving SPMD (Semipermeable Membrane Devices) that contained triolein in nonporous, low-density polyethylene layflat tubing. Experiments to measure PAHs concentration were carried out at four sites (Dukpo, Sochi, Sohwonggando, Yeonmok) on the southern coast of Korea that were contaminated by oil spills. Passive samplers were deployed at 4 and 8 week intervals at each site. Results showed that bioconcentration levels of PAHs were increased in proportion to exposure duration from all sample sites and accumulation in the passive sampler was much higher than in biota at the Dukpo site. Results of these tests suggest that new passive sampler is a useful tool for measuring bioconcentration organic compounds in aquatic environments.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.289-301
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• 2016

Floating debris provides substrates for dispersal of organisms by ocean currents, including algae that thrive on plastics. The 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Tohuku, Japan resulted in large amounts of debris carried by the North Pacific Current to North America from 2012 to 2016. In 2015-2016, the plastics in the debris bore a complex biota including pink algal crusts. One sample (JAW4874) was isolated into culture and a three-gene phylogeny (psbA, rbcL, and SSU) indicated it was an unknown member of the red algal class Stylonematophyceae. It is a small pulvinate crust of radiating, branched, uniseriate filaments with cells containing a single centrally suspended nucleus and a single purple to pink, multi-lobed, parietal plastid lacking a pyrenoid. Cells can be released as spores that attach and germinate to form straight filaments by transverse apical cell divisions, and subsequent longitudinal and oblique intercalary divisions produce masses of lateral branches. This alga is named Tsunamia transpacifica gen. nov. et sp. nov. Sequencing of additional samples of red algal crusts on plastics revealed another undescribed Stylonematophycean species, suggesting that these algae may be frequent on drift oceanic plastics.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2003

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric assay method was developed for the simultaneous determination of neutral and bacis twenty-five disruptors $(ED_S)$ in frog and fish. Afther homogenization and sonication of 5 g of sample, purification was achieves in one step with a solid phase extraction procedure using silica gelflorisl. Eluton was performed with 50mL of acetone : n-hexane (1 : 9) solution. The eluate was concentrated to approximately 10uL and dissolves with 100 uL of hexane and analyzed by GC-MS (SIM). The peaks had good chromatographic properties and the extraction of these compounds from sample also gave relatively high recoveries with small variatoins. Detection limits were 0.1 ng/g for 4-nitrotoluene, benzophenone, hexachlorobenzene, atrazine, malathion, o,p-DDT, o,p-DDT and permethrin, and 0.2 ng/g for heptachlor epoxide, γ-chlordane, α-chlordane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, and 0.3 ng/g for trifluralin, metribuzin, alachlor, dieldrin and p,p'-DDT, and 0.5 ng/g for heptachlor, aldrin and parathion, and 0.7 ng/g for endrin, and 0.8 ng/g for nitrofen. The recoveries were between 33 and 109%. The method was used to analyze twenty-five frogs and forty-six fishes fishes samples caught from various regions in Korea. Benzophenone was detected at concentration of up to 17.2 ng/g in frog or fish. Heptachlor, aldrin, γ-chlordane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, endrin and o,p-DDD were detected at concentrations of 0.7-12.5 ng/g in frog or fish. Also significant leveles of dieldrin (up to 22.5 ng/g) were observed. The developed method may be valuable to be used to the national monitoring project of EDS in biota samples.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2004

Acute aquatic toxicity of effluents discharged from five dyeing plants in Gyeong-gi province were evaluated to assess whether the current Korean water quality standards(KWQS) could protect aquatic life. Chemical analyses of all parameters regulated under KWQS, except for E-coli, were also carried out to determine regulation compliance of the samples. All the effluent samples were satisfied with KWQS except for the color in only one sample. In acute Daphnia magna toxicity tests, significant mortality was observed in one of five samples and EC50 was 12.1%(95% confidence interval 9.1-16.2), which was in compliance with KWQS. The result of the Microtox assay indicated that acute microbial toxicity existed in effluents from three out of five plants, two of which were in compliance with KWQS. The agreement between regulation compliance of chemical concentrations of effluent and observed toxicity from various biological toxicity tests was very poor to fair (kappa = 0.194~0.250). The data presented suggest that exposure to dyeing wastewater which were in compliance with Korean water quality standards may not be safe to aquatic biota, and multiple tropical levels should be considered in aquatic toxicity monitoring of dyeing industry.