• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.727-734
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the high rate biological reactor such as lab scale reactor before the application in site, and to get the basic data for possibility using liquid fertilizer with the effluent from biological reactor when the centrifugal machine was applied. The total volume of this reactor in 6 L, in composted of anoxic reactor (2 L), aerobic reactor (2 L), and nitification reactor (2 L). BOD removal efficiency rates when centrifugal machine was applied after effluent from biological reactor are over than 95%. This biological reactor was required post process to satisfy the effluent standards, and was need centrifugal machine to control the washout of microbes in the reactor. T-N removal efficiency rate in HRT 24 hr with centrifugation is 80.0%, and it is desirable to operate less than $1.3kgN/m^3{\cdot}d$ for 70% of T-N removal efficiency rate. T-P removal efficiency rate in HRT 24 hr is 68.2%, and become higher 71.3% after centrifugation. Considering in the 28.6% T-N removal efficiency rate, the nitrogen contents of the effluent from reactor is 0.34% to satisfy the liquid fertilizer.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.84-91
• /
• 2004

Biological nutrient removal(BNR) from wastewater was performed by adopting various process configurations. The simultaneous biological organics, phosphorus and nitrogen removal of synthetic wastewater was investigated in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). The other reactor was operating as a reference, without biofilm being added. The cycling time in SBR and SBBR was adjusted at 12 hours and then certainly included anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Both systems has been operated with a stable total organic carbon(TOC), nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance for over 90 days. Average removal efficiencies of TOC and total nitrogen were 83% and 95%, respectively. The nitrification rate in SBR was higher than that in SBBR. On the contrary, the denitrification rate in SBBR was higher than that in SBR. The phosphorus release was occurred in SBBR, however, not in SBR because of the inhibition effect of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ .

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.219-232
• /
• 2007

Odors from manures are a major problem for livestock production. The most significant odorous compounds in animal manure a.e volatile fatty acids(VFAs). This work reviews the VFAs from the anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor(ASBBR), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR), solid compost batch reactor(SCBR), and aerobic sequencing batch reactor(SBR) associated with the animal manure biological treatment. First, we describe and quantify VFAs from animal manure biological treatment and discuss biofiltration for odor control. Then we review certain fundamentals aspects about Anaerobic and aerobic SBR, composting of animal manure, manure compost biofilter for odorous VFAs control, SBR for nitrogen removal, and ASBR for animal wastewater treatment systems considered important for the resource recovery and air quality. Finally, we present an overview for the future needs and current experience of the biological systems engineering for animal manure management and odor control.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.273-278
• /
• 2001

Removal of nitrogen compound from waste water is essential and often accomplished by biological process. Deni-trification bacterium. Paracoccus denitrificans(KCTC 2350) is employed to estimate the ability and the characteristics of denitrification. In the immobilized biological reactor system, the measurement of absolute amount of active strain in the reactor is comparatively difficult or impossible. In this study, strain immobilized denitrification reactor was designed with the unwoven texture wrapped peeped hole plastic tube to calculated the absolute amount of active strain by comparing the activity of the immobilized reactor adn the free cell reactor. The reactor system was continuous stirred tank reactor and the rate of substrate consumption was assumed to be Michaelis-Menten equation. As a result, we found that the amount of immobilized active strain was the half of the total active strain in the reactor and the time required to reach in the equilibrium state in the immobilized reactor system was shorter than that of the free cell reactor system.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.561-572
• /
• 2010

The efficiency of biological hydrolysis at $80^{\circ}C$ on municipal solid waste mixed with anaerobic digestion sludge was investigated in 100L batch reactors. The hydrolysis effect was observed within a day, when the hydrolysis reactor used for a pre-treatment reactor for methanogenesis, and the effect was observed during two days, When the reactor used for post-treatment reactor. For both configurations, methane production rate decreased, when hydrolysis was carried out more than a day. Gaseous ammonia in the hydrolysis reactors was successtully removed by the ammonia stripping system. Microbial diversity analysis on the hydrolysis reactors indicated dependency of microbial diversity on the configuration of the hydrolysis reactors. Carbohydrate and lactate degrading microbes dominated in the hydrolysis reactor, when the hydrolysis reactor used for a pre-treatment reactor for methanogenesis, while protein degrading microbes dominated in the post-treatment reactor.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2010

In this study, we optimized the shape of the surface aerator that will be installed in a biological reactor using the response surface method. Response surfaces of mass flow rate, impeller torque, mass flow rate per impeller torque are generated and used to track the optimum shape of the aerator. MOGA(Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm)method is adopted to find the optimum results. By increasing the mass flow rate per impeller torque, increase of oxygen supply efficiency to a reactor is anticipated. To verify the usability of the surface aerator, PIV measurements on flow fields inside a scale-downed biological reactor model are carried out.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.612-620
• /
• 2016

산화 칼슘 수용액을 통해 이산화탄소를 포집하는 수성 광물 탄산화 공정은 안정적으로 이산화탄소를 고립시킬 뿐 아니라 생성물의 부가 가치를 기대할 수 있는 대표적인 CCU (Carbon Capture & Utilization) 기술이다. 이 공정의 핵심은 고체 반응물인 산화칼슘의 용해 속도를 최대로 높이는 것인데, 이를 위해 반응기 전체에 고체 반응물이 균일하게 분포되도록 혼합하는 적절한 반응기의 설계가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 하루에 40ton의 이산화탄소 포집이 가능한 파일럿 규모의 광물 탄산화 반응기를 대상으로, 반응기의 내부 구조 설계에 따라 고체 반응물의 분산도가 어떻게 변하는지에 대해 전산 유체 역학적 모델링(Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling)을 통해 연구하였다. 교반 탱크 반응기(stirred tank reactor) 형태를 기반으로 외부 구조는 고정한 상태에서 교반기의 종류/갯수/지름/유격/회전 속도, 칸막이의 높이/너비를 변수로 선정하여 다양한 조합의 경우(case)들을 해석하였다. 각 설계 변수에 대한 민감도를 분석함으로써 각 변수의 영향을 파악하고, 중요한 변수를 판별할 수 있었다. 동시에 고체 부피 분율(solid volume fraction)의 높이 방향 표준 편차가 0.001에 가까운 균일한 분포를 만들 수 있는 내부 설계안을 제안하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1995

As a basic experiment to develope biological pretreatment proces~ in water treatment, the experiments on biodegradability and isothermal adsorption of activated carbon were performed on refractories such as humic acid, $NH_3-N$, phenol and ABS which caused the problems in drinking water treatment. Also, the treatabilities on humic acid were examined in the continuous flow type reactors. The removal efficiencies of humic acid, $NH_3-N$, phenol and ABS in the biodegradable experiments for 5 days were 20.1%, 73.4%, 91.7% and 97.5%, respectively. In the isothermal adsorption test of refractories on activated carbon to be used as a media in the continuous flow type reactors, ABS and phenol are adsorbed easily, but humic acid and $NH_3-N$ are difficult to be done. The removal efficiencies of humic acid in granular activated carbon(GAC) reactor were about 7-8% higher than in biological activated carbon(BAC) reactor. The removal efficiencies of humic acid in biological fluidized bed(BFB) reactor were about 30% in GAC media, but were almost zero in sea sand media.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2011

오존을 이용한 잉여슬러지 감량화 시스템이 결합된 생물학적 처리 공정에서 잉여슬러지의 무배출에 따른 생물반응조내의 영향 및 처리수질을 검토하였다. 잉여슬러지 인발량 배수($SDN_{min}$)가 3인 조건에서 잉여슬러지의 pH를 4 이하로 전 처리한 후 오존주입율 0.03 g $O_3/g$ SS로 처리한 결과 잉여슬러지의 인발 없이 안정적인 생물학적 처리가 가능하였다. $OUR_{max}$ 실험 결과, 오존주입율 0.03 g $O_3/g$ SS의 조건에서 대부분의 슬러지는 미생물 활성이 없어지는 것으로 조사되었다. 잉여슬러지의 가용화에 따른 생물반응조내에서의 MLVSS/MLSS의 변화는 거의 없었고, 반응조내 미생물의 인 축적 현상도 관측되지 않았다. 잉여슬러지 가용화 후 생물학적 처리수의 유기물 및 SS의 농도 증가 현상은 관측되지 않았고, 생물반응조내의 질산화 및 탈질율 증가로 유출수중의 T-N 농도가 감소하는 효과를 나타내었다. T-P의 경우에는 잉여슬러지의 무배출로 인해 대부분이 제거되지 않고 유출수중에 함유되어 유출되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.63-67
• /
• 2014

Fischer-Tropsch 합성은 주로 긴 carbon 사슬을 가지고 있는 높은 점도의 왁스를 product로 생산한다. 촉매 고정층 반응기를 이용하여 Fischer-Tropsch 합성을 수행할 경우, 왁스는 촉매입자의 표면에서 생산되어 촉매입자 표면에 흡착되어 있다. 이런 왁스의 hold-up 현상이 반응기 전체의 압력강하는 증가시키고 내부 흐름을 막는 문제를 일으킨다. 따라서 반응기 내부에 왁스가 hold-up되는 현상에 대한 모델링을 통해 왁스 hold-up 현상을 최소화 할 수 있는 반응기 및 촉매 입자의 크기를 결정하는 설계 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 왁스가 hold-up된 촉매 입자와 기체 흐름 사이의 대류 물질 전달 실험 모델을 이용하여 반응기 구조 및 운전 조건을 고려할 수 있는 반응기 내부 왁스 hold-up 모델을 개발하였다. 개발된 모델은 실험 데이터를 제공한 Knochen의 연구 결과와 비교하여 모델의 우수성을 검증하였다. 이 모델을 이용하여 반응기의 길이와 단면이 반응기 내부 왁스 hold-up 현상에 어떻게 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 분석해 보았다.