• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 효소연료전지의 율속 반응인 산화극의 효소반응 강화 및 효소 담지량을 증가시키기 위하여 안트라센 가교제를 도입하였다. CNT/PEI 담지체에 가교 처리된 글루코오스 산화효소(GOx)를 전기적인 극성을 이용하여 결합시켰다(AC[CNT/PEI/GOx]). 본 촉매의 성능을 확인하기 위하여 전기화학 평가가 수행되었으며, 성능 비교를 위해 가교제 처리를 하지 않은 CNT/PEI/GOx 촉매도 같이 전기화학 테스트를 진행하였다. 전기화학적 특성 평가들을 통해 글루코오스 산화효소 담지량이 증가한 것을 확인하였으며, 라인위버-버크 방정식 통해 AC[CNT/PEI/GOx] ($K_m$ : 0.73 mM)가 가교제 처리를 하지 않은 CNT/PEI/GOx ($K_m$ : 1.71 mM) 보다 우수한 성능을 지닌 것을 확인했다. 또한, 완전지 성능평가 결과 최대 전력 밀도(Maximum power density, MPD)도 상승($21.2{\mu}W/cm^2$에서 $72.6{\mu}W/cm^2$로)한 것을 볼 수 있었는데 이를 통해 글루코오스 산화효소 담지량 및 전자전달능력이 향상되었다는 것을 재확인 하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the porosity and internal structure of wood as it goes through the process of saccharification (extraction of fermentable sugars). This study also examined the use of different drying methods to prepare samples for characterization of internal pores, with particular emphasis on the partially disrupted cell wall. Aspen wood flour samples after dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were examined for nitrogen adsorption. The resulting isotherms were analyzed for surface area, pore size distribution, and total pore volume. Results showed that freeze drying (with sample pre-freezing) maintains the cell wall structure, allowing for examination of saccharification effects. Acid pretreatment (hemicellulose removal) doubled the surface area and tripled the total volume of pores, which were mostly 10-20 nm wide. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulose removal) caused a 5-fold increase in the surface area and a ~ 11-fold increase in the total volume of pores, which ranged from 5 to 100 nm in width. These results indicate that nitrogen adsorption analysis is a feasible technique to examine the internal pore structure of lignocellulosic residues after saccharification. The information on the pore structure will be useful when considering value-adding options for utilizing the solid waste for biofuel production.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.487-496
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• 2021

Microalgae is one of the promising biodiesel feedstock with high growth rates compared to those of terrestrial oil crops. Despite its numerous advantages, biodiesel production from microalgae needs to reduce energy demand and material costs further to go to commercialization. During solvent extraction of microalgal lipids, lipid-extracted algae (LEA) cell residue is generated as an organic solid waste, about 80-85% of original algal biomass, and requires an appropriate recycling or economic disposal. The resulting LEA still contains significant amount of carbohydrates, proteins, N, P, and other micronutrients. This review will focus on recent advancement in the utilization of LEA as: (i) utilization as nutrients or carbon sources for microalgae and other organisms, (ii) anaerobic digestion to produce biogas or co-fermentation to produce CH₄ and H₂, and (iii) conversion to other forms of biofuel through thermochemical degradation processes. Possible mutual benefits in the integration of microalgae cultivation-biodiesel production-resulting LEA with anaerobic digestion and thermochemical conversion are also discussed.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.12-12
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• 2023

Plant biomass, or lignocellulose, is one of the most abundant natural resources on earth. Lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural and forestry residue, serves as a renewable feedstock for microbial cell factories due to its low price and abundant availability. However, the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass requires a pretreatment process prior to microbial fermentation, from which fermentable sugars including xylose and glucose are generated along with various inhibitory compounds. The presence of furan derivatives, such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde (furfural), hampers the microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added commodities. In this study, furfural tolerance was improved by investigating the detoxification mechanism in non-model yeast. The genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenases were overexpressed to enhance furfural tolerance and resulted in improving cell growth and lipid production that can be converted into biofuel. Taken together, this approach contributes to the understanding of the reducing toxicity mechanism of furfural by the aldehyde dehydrogenases and provides a promising strategy that the use of microorganism as an industrial workhorse to treat efficiently lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable plant derivatives.

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

We evaluated a more practical and cost-effective immobilization carriers for ethanol production using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three candidate materials-rice hull, rice straw, and sawdust-were tested for their cell-adsorption capacity and operational durability. Derivatizations of rice hull, rice straw, and sawdust with the optimal concentration of 0.5 M of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (DEAE HCl) resulted in > 95% adsorption of the initial yeast cells at 2 hr for DEAE-rice hull and DEAE-sawdust and in only approximately 80% adsorption for DEAE-rice straw. In addition, DEAE-sawdust was found to be a more practical carrier for immobilizing yeast cells in terms of operational durability in shaking flask cultures with two different speeds of 60 and 150 rpm. Furthermore, the biosorption isotherms of DEAE-rice hull, -rice straw, and -sawdust for yeast cells revealed that the $Q_{max}$ of DEAE-sawdust (82.6 mg/g) was greater than that of DEAE-rice hull and DEAE-rice straw. During the 404-hr of continuous column reactor operation using yeast cells immobilized on DEAE-sawdust, no serious detachment of the yeast cells from the DEAE-sawdust was recorded. Ethanol yield of approximately 3.04 g/L was produced steadily, and glucose was completely converted to ethanol at a yield of 0.375 g-ethanol/g-glucose (73.4% of the theoretical value). Thus, sawdust is a promising practical immobilization carrier for ethanol production, with significance in the production of bioethanol as a biofuel.

• 한국실천공학교육학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

최근들어 화석 연료의 고갈, 지구 온난화등의 문제들로 인해, 녹색성장 기술이 중요시 되고 있다. 에너지 문제와 녹색성장 기술이 융합된 신성장동력 확보를 위해 풍력, 태양광, 연료전지, 바이오 연료등에 많이 투자가 확대되고 있다. 그 중 풍력발전은 다른 에너지에 비해 경제성이 높고, 유해물질의 배출이 거의 없다. 따라서 최근 정부나 기업들에서도 많은 비용을 투자하여 풍력 기술 개발에 적극적인 지원을 하고 있지만, 풍력 기술을 선도하는 해외 선진국들에 비해서 국내에서의 관련 교육과 장비는 연구소 수준에 머물고 있다. 그러므로 관련 산업에서 요구하는 기본 기술의 저변화와 기술적 향상을 위해 실제 산업에서 적용하고 있는 시스템과 유사한 자비와 교육과정의 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 실험을 통하여 풍력터빈제어의 이론적인 내용을 수강생들이 보다 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 교육용 풍력터빈제어 실습장치를 개발하고 교육효과를 알아보았다. 개발된 실습장치를 소개하고, 각각의 실습장치를 소개한다. 마지막으로 설문조사를 통하여 반응도 평가를 통한 교육효과를 검증하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 2015

The potential of microalgae biofuel has not been realized because of the low productivity and high costs associated with the current cultivation systems. In this study, a new low-cost and transparent attachment material was tested for cultivation of a filamentous algal strain, Stigeoclonium sp., isolated from wastewater. Initially, the different materials tested for Stigeoclonium cultivation in untreated wastewater were nylon mesh, polyethylene mesh, polypropylene bundle (PB), polycarbonate plate, and viscose rayon. Among the materials tested, PB led to a firm attachment, high biomass (53.22 g/m², dry cell weight), and total lipid yield (5.8 g/m²) with no perceivable change in FAME profile. The Stigeoclonium-dominated biofilm consisted of bacteria and extracellular polysaccharide, which helped in biofilm formation and for effective wastewater treatment (viz., removal efficiency of total nitrogen and total phosphorus corresponded to ~38% and ~90%, respectively). PB also demonstrated high yields under multilayered cultivation in a single reactor treating wastewater. Hence, this system has several advantages over traditional suspended and attached systems, with possibility of increasing areal productivity three times using Stigeoclonium sp. Therefore, multilayered attached growth algal cultivation systems seem to be the future cultivation model for large-scale biodiesel production and wastewater treatment.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2013

미세조류는 바이오연료를 생산하기 위해 필요한 성분인 지방질의 생산성이 우수하기 때문에 바이오연료의 유망한 원료로서 최근 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 이러한 미세조류의 성장 속도와 미세조류 내부의 지방의 함량이 최대가 되도록 하기 위한 목적으로, 미세조류의 성장과 지방의 생성을 설명하는 제일원리(first principle)에 근거한 상미분방정식(ODE) 모델에 대하여 조사하였다. 모델은 6개의 상태변수와 12개의 파라미터로 이루어져 있으며, 미세조류의 성장을 영양분의 흡수와 흡수된 영양분에 의한 성장으로 두 단계로 나누어 설명한 Droop 모델의 가정을 따른다. 본 연구에서는 민감도 분석(Sensitivity analysis)을 위한 최대의 정보를 줄 수 있는 입력 신호를 결정하기 위해 D-optimality criterion을 이용한 최적 입력 설계(Optimal input design)를 수행하였으며, 구하여진 입력 신호를 적용하여 민감도 분석을 수행하여 모델에 좀 더 중요한 파라미터를 결정하였다. 또한 미세조류의 성장속도와 지방의 함량이 최대가 되도록 하기 위하여 모델 예측 제어(MPC)를 수행하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2013

The indiscriminate use of the fossil fuel has caused serious environmental pollutions such as the shortage of energy and global warming. Microalgae have being emphasized as $3^{rd}$ generation biomass which makes the carbon dioxide reduce effectively as well as produces the biofuel. Large scale production of microbial biomass by continuous culture is a quite challenging issue, because off-line optimization strategies of a microbial process utilizing a model-based scheme give rise to many difficult problems. In this paper, the static and simple control method which was able to be applied in time-variant growth environment and large scale of algae culture was studied. The significant disturbances in on-line measurement of cell density were reduced by Savitzky-Golay FIR smoothing filter. Dunaliella salina was cultivated continuously in a flat panel photobioreactor by the on-off control of the turbidostat process.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1450-1457
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• 2015

화석 연료의 고갈과 환경 문제를 극복하기 위하여 식물성 바이오매스를 이용한 바이오연료의 생산이 큰 주목을 받고 있는 가운데 화학적 전처리를 하지 않은 바이오매스를 직접 분해할 수 있는 그램 양성 초호열성 세균 Caldicellulosiruptor bescii에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. C. bescii는 식물 세포벽을 구성하는 셀룰로스, 헤미셀룰로스 등의 분해 뿐만 아니라 세포벽을 연결시켜주는 pectin도 효율적으로 분해할 수 있는데 최근 C. bescii의 genetic tool이 개발되면서 바이오매스 분해에 관여하는 효소의 특성 규명과 아울러 대사공학적 방법으로 바이오에탄올을 생산하는 통합바이오공정(consolidated bioprocessing; CBP)의 개발이 가능케 되었다. 본 총설에서는 초고온성 세균인 C. bescii를 이용한 식물성 바이오매스의 분해와 바이오에탄올의 생산에 대한 최신 연구결과를 소개하고 향후 전망에 대해 논하고자 한다.